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In vitro approaches to assess respiratory toxicity from volatile organic compounds: an in-depth review.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: In vitro approaches to assess respiratory toxicity from volatile organic compounds: an in-depth review.
Συγγραφείς: Lampe OCG; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States., Vitucci ECM; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States., Cannon CL; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States., Holland K; Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States., Foster MJ; Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States., Johnson NM; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
Πηγή: Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology [Toxicol Sci] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 209 (9).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Oxford University Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9805461 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0929 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10960929 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Toxicol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 1999- : Cary, NC : Oxford University Press
Original Publication: Orlando, FL : Academic Press, c1998-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Volatile Organic Compounds*/toxicity , Air Pollutants*/toxicity , Toxicity Tests*/methods , Lung*/drug effects , Lung*/metabolism , Lung*/pathology , Epithelial Cells*/drug effects , Epithelial Cells*/metabolism , Epithelial Cells*/pathology, Oxidative Stress/drug effects ; Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects ; Humans ; Animals
Περίληψη: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous inhaled pollutants. This review showcases current literature utilizing in vitro models of the human respiratory system to characterize the toxicity of VOCs. To map the existing evidence base, we conducted a scoping review following systematic search and screening procedures. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PubMed, and CENTRAL identified 3,052 records. After screening, 144 original studies evaluating VOC exposures in human lung epithelial models met inclusion criteria. Overall, the current literature reflects substantial heterogeneity in cell models, exposure systems, and endpoints. Among 105 unique VOCs evaluated, acrolein, formaldehyde, toluene diisocyanate, and benzene were most frequently studied. Most investigations used submerged culture systems with liquid-phase VOC application, whereas fewer employed air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures that better mimic inhalation. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and apoptosis were the most commonly measured endpoints, with oxidative stress frequently identified as an upstream driver of inflammatory and cytotoxic responses. However, mechanistic depth varied, and studies examining metabolism, barrier function, morphology, or transcriptomic regulation were relatively uncommon. Notably, chronic or repeated exposures were rarely conducted. Overall, this review highlights the variety of VOC exposure methods and commonly assessed biological endpoints, as well as the critical lack of more detailed mechanistic studies and somewhat limited VOC/mixture evaluation. The field is expansive but methodologically fragmented, underscoring the need for broader use of human respiratory cell models, more physiologically relevant exposure systems, improved dose characterization, and greater mechanistic resolution to advance understanding and throughput for VOC-induced pulmonary toxicity studies.
(© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology.)
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Grant Information: P30 ES029067 United States ES NIEHS NIH HHS; P42 ES027704 United States ES NIEHS NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: air–liquid interface culture; dose characterization; human lung epithelial cells; oxidative stress; submerged cell culture
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Volatile Organic Compounds)
0 (Air Pollutants)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260820 Date Completed: 20260909 Latest Revision: 20260912
Update Code: 20260912
PubMed Central ID: PMC13557630
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfag110
PMID: 42623132
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Links:
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Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42623132
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PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
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  Data: In vitro approaches to assess respiratory toxicity from volatile organic compounds: an in-depth review.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lampe+OCG%22">Lampe OCG</searchLink>; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vitucci+ECM%22">Vitucci ECM</searchLink>; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cannon+CL%22">Cannon CL</searchLink>; Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Holland+K%22">Holland K</searchLink>; Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Foster+MJ%22">Foster MJ</searchLink>; Medical Sciences Library, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Johnson+NM%22">Johnson NM</searchLink>; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Interdisciplinary Program in Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229805461%22">Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology</searchLink> [Toxicol Sci] 2026 Sep 02; Vol. 209 (9).
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  Data: Journal Article; Review
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Oxford+University+Press%22">Oxford University Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>9805461 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1096-0929 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210960929%22">10960929 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Toxicol Sci <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Volatile+Organic+Compounds%22">Volatile Organic Compounds*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Volatile+Organic+Compounds+toxicity%22">toxicity</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Air+Pollutants%22">Air Pollutants*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Air+Pollutants+toxicity%22">toxicity</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Toxicity+Tests%22">Toxicity Tests*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Toxicity+Tests+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung%22">Lung*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung%22">Lung*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung%22">Lung*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lung+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells%22">Epithelial Cells*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells%22">Epithelial Cells*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells%22">Epithelial Cells*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Epithelial+Cells+pathology%22">pathology</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Oxidative+Stress%22">Oxidative Stress</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Oxidative+Stress+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Inhalation+Exposure%22">Inhalation Exposure</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Inhalation+Exposure+adverse+effects%22">adverse effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous inhaled pollutants. This review showcases current literature utilizing in vitro models of the human respiratory system to characterize the toxicity of VOCs. To map the existing evidence base, we conducted a scoping review following systematic search and screening procedures. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, PubMed, and CENTRAL identified 3,052 records. After screening, 144 original studies evaluating VOC exposures in human lung epithelial models met inclusion criteria. Overall, the current literature reflects substantial heterogeneity in cell models, exposure systems, and endpoints. Among 105 unique VOCs evaluated, acrolein, formaldehyde, toluene diisocyanate, and benzene were most frequently studied. Most investigations used submerged culture systems with liquid-phase VOC application, whereas fewer employed air-liquid interface (ALI) exposures that better mimic inhalation. Cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, proinflammatory signaling, and apoptosis were the most commonly measured endpoints, with oxidative stress frequently identified as an upstream driver of inflammatory and cytotoxic responses. However, mechanistic depth varied, and studies examining metabolism, barrier function, morphology, or transcriptomic regulation were relatively uncommon. Notably, chronic or repeated exposures were rarely conducted. Overall, this review highlights the variety of VOC exposure methods and commonly assessed biological endpoints, as well as the critical lack of more detailed mechanistic studies and somewhat limited VOC/mixture evaluation. The field is expansive but methodologically fragmented, underscoring the need for broader use of human respiratory cell models, more physiologically relevant exposure systems, improved dose characterization, and greater mechanistic resolution to advance understanding and throughput for VOC-induced pulmonary toxicity studies.<br /> (© The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Toxicology.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>air–liquid interface culture; dose characterization; human lung epithelial cells; oxidative stress; submerged cell culture
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        Value: 10.1093/toxsci/kfag110
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Oxidative Stress drug effects
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      – SubjectFull: Inhalation Exposure adverse effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Volatile Organic Compounds toxicity
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      – SubjectFull: Air Pollutants toxicity
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      – SubjectFull: Toxicity Tests methods
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      – TitleFull: In vitro approaches to assess respiratory toxicity from volatile organic compounds: an in-depth review.
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              Text: 2026 Sep 02
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            – TitleFull: Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology
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