Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Cumulative Exposure to Harsh Discipline at Home and School on Child Development: Evidence From Ghana.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Cumulative Exposure to Harsh Discipline at Home and School on Child Development: Evidence From Ghana.
Συγγραφείς: Do HH; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA., Fu Y; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA., Appiah R; College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK., Avornyo EA; Institute of Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana., Aurino E; School of Economics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Wolf S; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Πηγή: Developmental science [Dev Sci] 2026 Sep; Vol. 29 (5), pp. e70274.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9814574 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1467-7687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1363755X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Dev Sci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, c1998-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Child Development*/physiology , Punishment*/psychology , Parenting*/psychology, Executive Function/physiology ; Humans ; Ghana ; Child ; Longitudinal Studies ; Schools ; Female ; Male ; Child, Preschool
Περίληψη: Violence against children violates human rights and fundamentally challenges the global objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Children may frequently experience harsh discipline in both homes and schools, two main settings for early learning and development, yet longitudinal evidence on the developmental consequences of exposure to harsh discipline across these two settings remains scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further, the interaction between harsh discipline at home and in school remains underexplored. Drawing on data from a longitudinal study in Ghana, we examine whether repeated exposure to harsh discipline at home and school across three years (which we define as "cumulative exposure") among pre-primary school children aged 5-8 years (N = 663; Mage = 6.94 years). By controlling for baseline outcomes in a value-added design, we estimated the robust associations between cumulative harsh discipline at home and at schools with higher-order cognitive skills, namely academic and executive function. Cumulative harsh discipline at home significantly predicted lower academic skills (𝛽 = -0.045, p < 0.05) but not executive function, while cumulative harsh discipline at school did not statistically significantly predict any skills. Moderation analyses showed that children's experiences of harsh discipline at home were negatively associated with executive function under conditions of low levels of harsh discipline at school. Findings highlight the urgent need for integrated, contextually grounded interventions targeting home and school disciplinary practices to support early learning and development in Sub-Saharan Africa.
(© 2026 The Author(s). Developmental Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
References: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6545-9. (PMID: 19332779)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 7;109(32):12927-32. (PMID: 22826224)
PLoS One. 2020 Apr 3;15(4):e0230965. (PMID: 32243485)
Curr Opin Psychol. 2017 Jun;15:19-25. (PMID: 28813261)
J Adolesc Health. 2010 Aug;47(2):198-205. (PMID: 20638013)
Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):297-301. (PMID: 17406248)
Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:145-73. (PMID: 16903808)
Children (Basel). 2022 Mar 09;9(3):. (PMID: 35327755)
J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 14;27(11):2781-7. (PMID: 17360899)
Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 15;69(12):1168-77. (PMID: 21546000)
Annu Rev Psychol. 2015 Jan 3;66:711-31. (PMID: 25148852)
Child Abuse Negl. 2024 Nov;157:107036. (PMID: 39265441)
PLoS Med. 2021 Oct 4;18(10):e1003808. (PMID: 34606500)
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2016 Mar;81(1):7-23. (PMID: 27035446)
Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2016 Mar;81(1):60-77. (PMID: 29576660)
Dev Psychopathol. 2010 Aug;22(3):635-53. (PMID: 20576184)
Dev Sci. 2019 Sep;22(5):e12795. (PMID: 30585683)
Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):71-82. (PMID: 12638061)
Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2022 Oct;50(10):1313-1326. (PMID: 35870036)
Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2009 Sep;92(2):215-24. (PMID: 18667167)
Child Abuse Negl. 2014 May;38(5):884-92. (PMID: 24360761)
Lancet Glob Health. 2015 Jul;3(7):e378-86. (PMID: 26087985)
Nat Hum Behav. 2025 Jul;9(7):1365-1379. (PMID: 40325199)
Dev Sci. 2019 Sep;22(5):e12878. (PMID: 31173662)
Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Aug;106:104513. (PMID: 32470690)
Dev Psychol. 2015 May;51(5):600-14. (PMID: 25844851)
Child Dev. 2005 Nov-Dec;76(6):1234-46. (PMID: 16274437)
Int J Psychol. 2019 Jun;54(3):342-350. (PMID: 29094762)
Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016 Feb 1;25(1):3-7. (PMID: 26985139)
Dev Psychol. 2019 Jan;55(1):23-37. (PMID: 30407024)
Prev Sci. 2007 Sep;8(3):206-13. (PMID: 17549635)
Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202. (PMID: 11283309)
PLoS Med. 2016 Jun 07;13(6):e1002034. (PMID: 27270467)
Pediatrics. 2014 Jan;133(1):e129-37. (PMID: 24298004)
Psychol Bull. 2002 Jul;128(4):539-79. (PMID: 12081081)
Child Abuse Negl. 2009 May;33(5):296-306. (PMID: 19481803)
Fam Relat. 2016 Feb;65(1):151-162. (PMID: 34334857)
Psychol Bull. 2009 Nov;135(6):885-908. (PMID: 19883141)
Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Nov;23(4):1107-24. (PMID: 22018084)
Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):e232-46. (PMID: 22201156)
BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 29;16:118. (PMID: 27129400)
Psychol Bull. 2013 Nov;139(6):1342-96. (PMID: 23566018)
Child Abuse Negl. 2019 Jun;92:93-105. (PMID: 30939376)
PLoS One. 2016 Jul 14;11(7):e0159193. (PMID: 27416099)
Grant Information: grant number 2021-1417-00 Jacobs Foundation; grant number PID2023-150712NA-I00 MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Ghana; Sub‐Saharan Africa; academic skills; executive function; harsh discipline
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260819 Date Completed: 20260819 Latest Revision: 20260822
Update Code: 20260822
PubMed Central ID: PMC13487363
DOI: 10.1111/desc.70274
PMID: 42613931
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=14677687&ISBN=&volume=29&issue=5&date=20260901&spage=e70274&pages=e70274&title=Developmental science&atitle=Cumulative%20Exposure%20to%20Harsh%20Discipline%20at%20Home%20and%20School%20on%20Child%20Development%3A%20Evidence%20From%20Ghana.&aulast=Do%20HH&id=DOI:10.1111/desc.70274
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42613931
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Cumulative Exposure to Harsh Discipline at Home and School on Child Development: Evidence From Ghana.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Do+HH%22&quot;&gt;Do HH&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Fu+Y%22&quot;&gt;Fu Y&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Appiah+R%22&quot;&gt;Appiah R&lt;/searchLink&gt;; College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.; Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Avornyo+EA%22&quot;&gt;Avornyo EA&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Institute of Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Aurino+E%22&quot;&gt;Aurino E&lt;/searchLink&gt;; School of Economics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Wolf+S%22&quot;&gt;Wolf S&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%229814574%22&quot;&gt;Developmental science&lt;/searchLink&gt; [Dev Sci] 2026 Sep; Vol. 29 (5), pp. e70274.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Publisher: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PB&quot; term=&quot;%22Wiley-Blackwell%22&quot;&gt;Wiley-Blackwell &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;Country of Publication: &lt;/i&gt;England &lt;i&gt;NLM ID: &lt;/i&gt;9814574 &lt;i&gt;Publication Model: &lt;/i&gt;Print &lt;i&gt;Cited Medium: &lt;/i&gt;Internet &lt;i&gt;ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;1467-7687 (Electronic) &lt;i&gt;Linking ISSN: &lt;/i&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;IS&quot; term=&quot;%221363755X%22&quot;&gt;1363755X &lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;i&gt;NLM ISO Abbreviation: &lt;/i&gt;Dev Sci &lt;i&gt;Subsets: &lt;/i&gt;MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Original Publication&lt;/i&gt;: Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA, USA : Wiley-Blackwell, c1998-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Child+Development%22&quot;&gt;Child Development*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Child+Development+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Punishment%22&quot;&gt;Punishment*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Punishment+psychology%22&quot;&gt;psychology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Parenting%22&quot;&gt;Parenting*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Parenting+psychology%22&quot;&gt;psychology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Executive+Function%22&quot;&gt;Executive Function&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Executive+Function+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Humans%22&quot;&gt;Humans&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Ghana%22&quot;&gt;Ghana&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Child%22&quot;&gt;Child&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Longitudinal+Studies%22&quot;&gt;Longitudinal Studies&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Schools%22&quot;&gt;Schools&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Female%22&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Male%22&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Child%2C+Preschool%22&quot;&gt;Child, Preschool&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Violence against children violates human rights and fundamentally challenges the global objectives outlined in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Children may frequently experience harsh discipline in both homes and schools, two main settings for early learning and development, yet longitudinal evidence on the developmental consequences of exposure to harsh discipline across these two settings remains scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa. Further, the interaction between harsh discipline at home and in school remains underexplored. Drawing on data from a longitudinal study in Ghana, we examine whether repeated exposure to harsh discipline at home and school across three years (which we define as &quot;cumulative exposure&quot;) among pre-primary school children aged 5-8 years (N&#160;=&#160;663; M&lt;subscript&gt;age&lt;/subscript&gt;&#160;=&#160;6.94 years). By controlling for baseline outcomes in a value-added design, we estimated the robust associations between cumulative harsh discipline at home and at schools with higher-order cognitive skills, namely academic and executive function. Cumulative harsh discipline at home significantly predicted lower academic skills (&#120573; = -0.045, p&#160;&amp;lt;&#160;0.05) but not executive function, while cumulative harsh discipline at school did not statistically significantly predict any skills. Moderation analyses showed that children&#39;s experiences of harsh discipline at home were negatively associated with executive function under conditions of low levels of harsh discipline at school. Findings highlight the urgent need for integrated, contextually grounded interventions targeting home and school disciplinary practices to support early learning and development in Sub-Saharan Africa.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026 The Author(s). Developmental Science published by John Wiley &amp; Sons Ltd.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Apr 21;106(16):6545-9. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2219332779%22&quot;&gt;19332779)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 7;109(32):12927-32. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222826224%22&quot;&gt;22826224)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS One. 2020 Apr 3;15(4):e0230965. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232243485%22&quot;&gt;32243485)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Curr Opin Psychol. 2017 Jun;15:19-25. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2228813261%22&quot;&gt;28813261)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Adolesc Health. 2010 Aug;47(2):198-205. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220638013%22&quot;&gt;20638013)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nat Protoc. 2006;1(1):297-301. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217406248%22&quot;&gt;17406248)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:145-73. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2216903808%22&quot;&gt;16903808)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Children (Basel). 2022 Mar 09;9(3):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2235327755%22&quot;&gt;35327755)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Neurosci. 2007 Mar 14;27(11):2781-7. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217360899%22&quot;&gt;17360899)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jun 15;69(12):1168-77. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2221546000%22&quot;&gt;21546000)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Annu Rev Psychol. 2015 Jan 3;66:711-31. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2225148852%22&quot;&gt;25148852)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Abuse Negl. 2024 Nov;157:107036. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239265441%22&quot;&gt;39265441)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS Med. 2021 Oct 4;18(10):e1003808. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234606500%22&quot;&gt;34606500)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2016 Mar;81(1):7-23. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227035446%22&quot;&gt;27035446)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 2016 Mar;81(1):60-77. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229576660%22&quot;&gt;29576660)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Psychopathol. 2010 Aug;22(3):635-53. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220576184%22&quot;&gt;20576184)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Sci. 2019 Sep;22(5):e12795. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230585683%22&quot;&gt;30585683)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Neuropsychol. 2002 Jun;8(2):71-82. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2212638061%22&quot;&gt;12638061)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2022 Oct;50(10):1313-1326. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2235870036%22&quot;&gt;35870036)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2009 Sep;92(2):215-24. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2218667167%22&quot;&gt;18667167)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Abuse Negl. 2014 May;38(5):884-92. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224360761%22&quot;&gt;24360761)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lancet Glob Health. 2015 Jul;3(7):e378-86. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226087985%22&quot;&gt;26087985)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Nat Hum Behav. 2025 Jul;9(7):1365-1379. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240325199%22&quot;&gt;40325199)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Sci. 2019 Sep;22(5):e12878. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231173662%22&quot;&gt;31173662)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Abuse Negl. 2020 Aug;106:104513. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232470690%22&quot;&gt;32470690)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Psychol. 2015 May;51(5):600-14. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2225844851%22&quot;&gt;25844851)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Dev. 2005 Nov-Dec;76(6):1234-46. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2216274437%22&quot;&gt;16274437)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int J Psychol. 2019 Jun;54(3):342-350. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229094762%22&quot;&gt;29094762)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2016 Feb 1;25(1):3-7. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226985139%22&quot;&gt;26985139)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Psychol. 2019 Jan;55(1):23-37. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230407024%22&quot;&gt;30407024)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Prev Sci. 2007 Sep;8(3):206-13. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217549635%22&quot;&gt;17549635)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:167-202. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2211283309%22&quot;&gt;11283309)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS Med. 2016 Jun 07;13(6):e1002034. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227270467%22&quot;&gt;27270467)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pediatrics. 2014 Jan;133(1):e129-37. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224298004%22&quot;&gt;24298004)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Bull. 2002 Jul;128(4):539-79. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2212081081%22&quot;&gt;12081081)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Abuse Negl. 2009 May;33(5):296-306. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2219481803%22&quot;&gt;19481803)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fam Relat. 2016 Feb;65(1):151-162. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234334857%22&quot;&gt;34334857)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Bull. 2009 Nov;135(6):885-908. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2219883141%22&quot;&gt;19883141)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dev Psychopathol. 2011 Nov;23(4):1107-24. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222018084%22&quot;&gt;22018084)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pediatrics. 2012 Jan;129(1):e232-46. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222201156%22&quot;&gt;22201156)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Apr 29;16:118. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227129400%22&quot;&gt;27129400)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Bull. 2013 Nov;139(6):1342-96. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223566018%22&quot;&gt;23566018)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Child Abuse Negl. 2019 Jun;92:93-105. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230939376%22&quot;&gt;30939376)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS One. 2016 Jul 14;11(7):e0159193. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2227416099%22&quot;&gt;27416099)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: grant number 2021-1417-00 Jacobs Foundation; grant number PID2023-150712NA-I00 MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Ghana; Sub‐Saharan Africa; academic skills; executive function; harsh discipline
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260819 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260819 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260822
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260822
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13487363
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1111/desc.70274
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42613931
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42613931
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1111/desc.70274
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: e70274
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Executive Function physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ghana
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Longitudinal Studies
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Schools
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child, Preschool
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Child Development physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Punishment psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Parenting psychology
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Cumulative Exposure to Harsh Discipline at Home and School on Child Development: Evidence From Ghana.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Do HH
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fu Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Appiah R
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Avornyo EA
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Aurino E
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wolf S
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1467-7687
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 29
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Developmental science
              Type: main
ResultId 1