Academic Journal
Enhancing Human Skin Penetration with Biodegradable Enzymatic Nanomotors.
| Τίτλος: | Enhancing Human Skin Penetration with Biodegradable Enzymatic Nanomotors. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Prado-Morales C; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain.; Universitat de Barcelona, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, 08028Barcelona, Spain., Waaijman T; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands., Macías-Tarrío I; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain.; Universitat de Barcelona, Doctorate in Biotechnology, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, 08028Barcelona, Spain.; Departament de Bioquímica i Fisologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain., Huck-Iriart C; ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290Barcelona, Spain., Russo T; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain.; Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, 08028Barcelona, Spain., Gálvez-Savoca J; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain., Rodriguez-Emmenegger C; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain.; DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, 52074Aachen, Germany.; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avaņats (ICREA), 08010Barcelona, Spain., Koning JJ; Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUMC, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands.; Amsterdam institute for Immunology and Infectious diseases, Inflammatory diseases, 1081 HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands., Sánchez S; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) , 08028Barcelona, Spain.; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avaņats (ICREA), 08010Barcelona, Spain. |
| Πηγή: | ACS nano [ACS Nano] 2026 Aug 18; Vol. 20 (32), pp. 23013-23033. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: American Chemical Society Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101313589 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1936-086X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19360851 NLM ISO Abbreviation: ACS Nano Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Washington D.C. : American Chemical Society |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Skin*/metabolism , Urease*/metabolism , Urease*/chemistry , Skin Absorption*, Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer/chemistry ; Lactic Acid/chemistry ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Polyglycolic Acid/chemistry ; Polyglycolic Acid/metabolism ; Humans ; Administration, Cutaneous |
| Περίληψη: | The skin is the body's primary biological barrier, largely due to the highly organized structure of the stratum corneum (SC). Although essential for protection, this barrier function limits the efficacy of transdermal drug delivery, as most topically applied compounds fail to reach deeper skin layers at therapeutically relevant concentrations. Existing approaches often rely on physical disruption of the barrier, which can cause undesirable side effects. Moreover, many prior studies have been conducted in murine models, which do not accurately recapitulate human skin physiology, hindering the translation to humans. Here, we present an alternative approach using enzymatically powered nanomotors tested in a human reconstructed skin model. We developed organic nanomotors composed of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) functionalized with urease, and we proved their biocompatibility and degradability. Our results show that nanomotors penetrate the skin with 15.7% efficacy, 2.5 times more than passive nanoparticle controls. This enhanced penetration is attributed to their active motion and their ability to induce alterations in the lipid organization of the SC, an effect confirmed by synchrotron radiation small-angle X-ray scattering and electron microscopy. These findings highlight the potential of enzymatic nanomotors as a nondisruptive and effective platform for future transdermal delivery in human skin, combining advantages of both chemical enhancers and nanoparticles. (© 2026 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.) |
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| Grant Information: | CEX2023-001282 S Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades; PID2021-128417OB-I00 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades; PRE2022-102542 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci?n y Universidades; NA Generalitat de Catalunya; 2021 SGR 01606 Departament d'Innovaci?, Universitats i Empresa, Generalitat de Catalunya; 1292.19.019 Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek; NA European Social Fund Plus; NA European Regional Development Fund; 101189426 Horizon 2020 European Commission (EC); 2024098683 ALBA Synchrotron; 20250370417 ALBA Synchrotron; 866348 Horizon 2020 European Commission (EC) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: biological barrier; human skin model; nanobots; nanomedicine; nanomotors; skin; transdermal delivery |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 1SIA8062RS (Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer) EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease) 33X04XA5AT (Lactic Acid) 26009-03-0 (Polyglycolic Acid) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260818 Date Completed: 20260818 Latest Revision: 20260822 |
| Update Code: | 20260822 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13492477 |
| DOI: | 10.1021/acsnano.6c11619 |
| PMID: | 42611229 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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