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Altered seed-to-whole-brain functional connectivity of goal-directed/habitual systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder: associated genes and preliminary classification potential.

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Τίτλος: Altered seed-to-whole-brain functional connectivity of goal-directed/habitual systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder: associated genes and preliminary classification potential.
Συγγραφείς: Qin W; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Li S; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Wei S; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Li B; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Leng J; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Zhang H; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Shan W; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Luo X; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Liu T; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Wu S; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Shang T; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Lv D; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China., Sun X; Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China., Sun H; Department of Radiology, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China., Liu L; Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China., Xiao Q; Department of Radiology, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China., Zhang Y; Department of Radiology, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China., Chen Y; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China. chenyh123@sina.com.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China. chenyh123@sina.com., Li P; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China. lipingchxyy@163.com.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China. lipingchxyy@163.com.
Πηγή: European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience [Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci] 2026 Oct; Vol. 276 (7), pp. 3877-3888. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 17.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9103030 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1433-8491 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09401334 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin ; New York : Springer International, c1990-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*/physiopathology , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*/diagnostic imaging , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*/genetics , Nerve Net*/diagnostic imaging , Nerve Net*/physiopathology , Default Mode Network*/diagnostic imaging , Default Mode Network*/physiopathology , Transcriptome*/physiology , Brain*/physiopathology , Brain*/diagnostic imaging , Goals* , Connectome*, Humans ; Female ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Support Vector Machine
Περίληψη: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns of goal-directed/habitual systems in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and to explore their exploratory classification potential and spatial associations with gene expression profiles.
Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and clinical variables were collected from 60 patients with OCD and 60 matched healthy controls (HCs). Seed-to-whole-brain FC analyses were conducted using the regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in goal-directed/habitual systems. Pearson correlation analyses were conducted to assess the associations between altered FCs and clinical characteristics. An exploratory support vector machine (SVM) analysis was utilized to evaluate whether altered FC patterns could distinguish patients with OCD from HCs, and neuroimaging-transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the spatial association between aberrant FCs and gene expression profiles.
Results: Compared to HCs, patients with OCD exhibited decreased FCs between goal-directed system and the default mode network (DMN) and central executive network (CEN), as well as between habitual system and salience network (SN). Conversely, increased FCs were observed between habitual system and DMN. No significant correlations were observed between altered FCs and clinical characteristics after multiple-comparison correction. Exploratory SVM analysis indicated that altered FC patterns of goal-directed system showed higher classification performance (accuracy = 90.83%, AUC = 0.951) than those of the habitual system (accuracy = 79.17%, AUC = 0.867). Imaging-transcriptomic analysis revealed that regional FC alterations were spatially associated with gene (i.e., PPARD and SLC25A12), which were enriched in transmembrane ion transport and metal ion homeostasis.
Conclusion: OCD exhibited altered FCs patterns between goal-directed/habitual systems and the triple networks at rest. These findings may provide more information to understand the pathology of OCD.
(© 2026. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures involving human patients were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Qiqihar Medical University (Protocol number: [2013] 003) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Consent to participate: All subjects provided written informed consent for their scores to be used for research purposes. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
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Grant Information: QYYCX2023-47 Qiqihar Medical University Graduate Innovation Fund Project; LH2023H099 Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation of China; QMSI2023Z-20 Qiqihar Academy of Medical Sciences Project
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Functional connectivity; Goal-directed system; Habitual system; Imaging transcriptomics; Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260818 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1007/s00406-026-02351-6
PMID: 42608583
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Altered seed-to-whole-brain functional connectivity of goal-directed/habitual systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder: associated genes and preliminary classification potential.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Qin+W%22">Qin W</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+S%22">Li S</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wei+S%22">Wei S</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+B%22">Li B</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Leng+J%22">Leng J</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+H%22">Zhang H</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Shan+W%22">Shan W</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; 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Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lv+D%22">Lv D</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China.; Heilongjiang Provincial key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Neuropsychological Regulation of Mental Disorders, Heilongjiang, 161006, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sun+X%22">Sun X</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sun+H%22">Sun H</searchLink>; Department of Radiology, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Liu+L%22">Liu L</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry, Harbin First Specialized Hospital, Harbin, 150056, Heilongjiang, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Xiao+Q%22">Xiao Q</searchLink>; 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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Berlin ; New York : Springer International, c1990-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder%22">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder%22">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder%22">Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Obsessive-Compulsive+Disorder+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net%22">Nerve Net*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Net+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network%22">Default Mode Network*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network%22">Default Mode Network*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Default+Mode+Network+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Transcriptome%22">Transcriptome*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Transcriptome+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+diagnostic+imaging%22">diagnostic imaging</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Goals%22">Goals*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Connectome%22">Connectome*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%22">Magnetic Resonance Imaging</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Support+Vector+Machine%22">Support Vector Machine</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective: This study aimed to investigate the whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) patterns of goal-directed/habitual systems in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and to explore their exploratory classification potential and spatial associations with gene expression profiles.<br />Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data and clinical variables were collected from 60 patients with OCD and 60 matched healthy controls (HCs). Seed-to-whole-brain FC analyses were conducted using the regions of interest (ROIs) implicated in goal-directed/habitual systems. Pearson correlation analyses were conducted to assess the associations between altered FCs and clinical characteristics. An exploratory support vector machine (SVM) analysis was utilized to evaluate whether altered FC patterns could distinguish patients with OCD from HCs, and neuroimaging-transcriptomic analysis was performed to investigate the spatial association between aberrant FCs and gene expression profiles.<br />Results: Compared to HCs, patients with OCD exhibited decreased FCs between goal-directed system and the default mode network (DMN) and central executive network (CEN), as well as between habitual system and salience network (SN). Conversely, increased FCs were observed between habitual system and DMN. No significant correlations were observed between altered FCs and clinical characteristics after multiple-comparison correction. Exploratory SVM analysis indicated that altered FC patterns of goal-directed system showed higher classification performance (accuracy = 90.83%, AUC = 0.951) than those of the habitual system (accuracy = 79.17%, AUC = 0.867). Imaging-transcriptomic analysis revealed that regional FC alterations were spatially associated with gene (i.e., PPARD and SLC25A12), which were enriched in transmembrane ion transport and metal ion homeostasis.<br />Conclusion: OCD exhibited altered FCs patterns between goal-directed/habitual systems and the triple networks at rest. These findings may provide more information to understand the pathology of OCD.<br /> (© 2026. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures involving human patients were approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Qiqihar Medical University (Protocol number: [2013] 003) and performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Consent to participate: All subjects provided written informed consent for their scores to be used for research purposes. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: QYYCX2023-47 Qiqihar Medical University Graduate Innovation Fund Project; LH2023H099 Heilongjiang Natural Science Foundation of China; QMSI2023Z-20 Qiqihar Academy of Medical Sciences Project
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Functional connectivity; Goal-directed system; Habitual system; Imaging transcriptomics; Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260818 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260910 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20261008
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  Data: 20261008
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  Data: 10.1007/s00406-026-02351-6
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      – SubjectFull: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder genetics
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      – TitleFull: Altered seed-to-whole-brain functional connectivity of goal-directed/habitual systems in obsessive-compulsive disorder: associated genes and preliminary classification potential.
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              Text: 2026 Oct
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