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Constitutive, endogenous, fluorescent membrane reporters for dynamic cell cycle analysis in Bacillus subtilis.

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Title: Constitutive, endogenous, fluorescent membrane reporters for dynamic cell cycle analysis in Bacillus subtilis.
Authors: Joncha JH; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA., Ruesewald S; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA., Adebiyi KO; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA., Kearns DB; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA., Jacobson SC; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Source: Applied and environmental microbiology [Appl Environ Microbiol] 2026 Sep 23; Vol. 92 (9), pp. e0112626. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 14.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: American Society for Microbiology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7605801 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1098-5336 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00992240 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Appl Environ Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Washington, American Society for Microbiology.
MeSH Terms: Bacillus subtilis*/genetics , Bacillus subtilis*/cytology , Bacillus subtilis*/physiology , Bacillus subtilis*/growth & development , Bacillus subtilis*/metabolism , Cell Cycle*, Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Cytokinesis ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Cell Division
Abstract: Bacteria increase in biomass and divide, but determining precisely when cell division completes is technically challenging. To aid time-lapse imaging and cell-cycle tracking, we set out to identify a protein in Bacillus subtilis that, when fused with a fluorophore, would cause the membrane to fluoresce in a constitutive, uniform, and bright manner. A forward genetic transposon-based approach, combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, was used to identify a fluorescent fusion to the glucose PTS transmembrane transport protein PtsG with all desired properties. Moreover, PtsGΩmsfGFP was constitutive and neutral to growth under all conditions tested and also labeled membranes during sporulation. We used PtsGΩmsfGFP to track cell growth in microfluidic channels and modify the definition of cytokinesis as when membrane fluorescence reached a local maximum at the division plane, a definition further supported by fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) microscopy. Simultaneous imaging with a compatible fluorescent fusion to the cell division protein FtsZ indicated that FtsZ peak intensity occurred midway through septum constriction and that Z-ring recycling coincided with cytokinesis. We conclude that PtsGΩmsfGFP is a useful tool for membrane imaging and cell-cycle tracking. As such, we provide constructs with fluorophores that emit across the visible spectrum and various antibiotic resistance cassettes to facilitate deployment in B. subtilis.IMPORTANCEBacterial cells are fully divided when the new membrane separates the cytoplasm of each daughter. Reproducible staining of bacterial membranes with exogenous labels for fluorescence microscopy can be challenging, particularly during chemostatic growth in microfluidic devices. Here, we report that fusion of a fluorescent protein to the glucose transporter, PtsG, causes the membrane of Bacillus subtilis to emit bright, uniform fluorescence under a variety of conditions. We use PtsGΩmsfGFP to improve the definition of cytokinesis during microfluidic growth, and we note that a fluorescent PtsG fusion would likely facilitate fluorescent membrane staining in any organism, at least in theory.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Comments: Update of: bioRxiv. 2026 Jan 24:2026.01.24.701471. doi: 10.64898/2026.01.24.701471.. (PMID: 41648451)
References: Curr Biol. 2010 Jun 22;20(12):1099-103. (PMID: 20537537)
Nature. 2014 May 22;509(7501):516-20. (PMID: 24739968)
Nat Methods. 2012 Jun 28;9(7):676-82. (PMID: 22743772)
Methods Mol Biol. 2016;1431:275-87. (PMID: 27283315)
mBio. 2020 Mar 17;11(2):. (PMID: 32184253)
Curr Biol. 2019 Jun 3;29(11):1760-1770.e7. (PMID: 31104932)
Nat Microbiol. 2021 May;6(5):553-562. (PMID: 33737746)
Nature. 1991 Nov 14;354(6349):161-4. (PMID: 1944597)
Nat Commun. 2014 Nov 18;5:5421. (PMID: 25403286)
Mol Microbiol. 1997 Jul;25(1):65-78. (PMID: 11902727)
Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):792-4. (PMID: 18420899)
Science. 2017 Feb 17;355(6326):739-743. (PMID: 28209898)
Gene. 1995 Dec 29;167(1-2):335-6. (PMID: 8566804)
J Bacteriol. 2009 Sep;191(18):5775-84. (PMID: 19542270)
Sci Adv. 2025 Apr 18;11(16):eads6201. (PMID: 40238862)
Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2009 Feb;73(2):245-59. (PMID: 19202299)
Anal Chem. 2016 Sep 6;88(17):8476-83. (PMID: 27314919)
J Bacteriol. 2013 Sep;195(18):4085-93. (PMID: 23836866)
J Virol. 1974 Dec;14(6):1343-8. (PMID: 4214946)
Commun Biol. 2021 Mar 1;4(1):270. (PMID: 33649500)
Mol Microbiol. 2013 May;88(4):673-86. (PMID: 23531131)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1996 Nov 12;93(23):12998-3003. (PMID: 8917533)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 21;112(16):5063-8. (PMID: 25855636)
PLoS One. 2017 Dec 14;12(12):e0189483. (PMID: 29240795)
Science. 2017 Feb 17;355(6326):744-747. (PMID: 28209899)
J Bacteriol. 2019 Jul 10;201(15):. (PMID: 31138628)
J Bacteriol. 2021 Aug 9;203(17):e0022721. (PMID: 34124944)
Nat Commun. 2021 Apr 27;12(1):2448. (PMID: 33907196)
Arch Microbiol. 1979 Nov;123(2):173-81. (PMID: 120161)
Nat Phys. 2024;20(10):1670-1678. (PMID: 39416851)
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024 Jan;22(1):33-45. (PMID: 37524757)
Nat Methods. 2009 May;6(5):343-5. (PMID: 19363495)
Microbiol Spectr. 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0242821. (PMID: 35499319)
J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25;265(30):18581-9. (PMID: 2120236)
Grant Information: R35 GM131783 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; R35GM131783 United States NH NIH HHS; R35 GM141922 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; T32 GM131994 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; T32GM131994 United States NH NIH HHS; R35GM141922 United States NH NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Bacillus subtilis; FtsZ; PTS transport; cytokinesis; growth; membrane label; microfluidics
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Bacterial Proteins)
0 (FtsZ protein, Bacteria)
147336-22-9 (Green Fluorescent Proteins)
0 (Cytoskeletal Proteins)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260814 Date Completed: 20260923 Latest Revision: 20260925
Update Code: 20260925
PubMed Central ID: PMC13599486
DOI: 10.1128/aem.01126-26
PMID: 42599096
Database: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
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Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42599096
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
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  Data: Constitutive, endogenous, fluorescent membrane reporters for dynamic cell cycle analysis in Bacillus subtilis.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Joncha+JH%22">Joncha JH</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ruesewald+S%22">Ruesewald S</searchLink>; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Adebiyi+KO%22">Adebiyi KO</searchLink>; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kearns+DB%22">Kearns DB</searchLink>; Department of Biology, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jacobson+SC%22">Jacobson SC</searchLink>; Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227605801%22">Applied and environmental microbiology</searchLink> [Appl Environ Microbiol] 2026 Sep 23; Vol. 92 (9), pp. e0112626. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 14.
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Washington, American Society for Microbiology.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis%22">Bacillus subtilis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis%22">Bacillus subtilis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis+cytology%22">cytology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis%22">Bacillus subtilis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis%22">Bacillus subtilis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis%22">Bacillus subtilis*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Bacillus+subtilis+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cell+Cycle%22">Cell Cycle*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins%22">Bacterial Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins%22">Bacterial Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cell+Membrane%22">Cell Membrane</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cell+Membrane+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins%22">Green Fluorescent Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Green+Fluorescent+Proteins+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cytoskeletal+Proteins%22">Cytoskeletal Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cytoskeletal+Proteins+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cytoskeletal+Proteins%22">Cytoskeletal Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cytoskeletal+Proteins+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cytokinesis%22">Cytokinesis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microscopy%2C+Fluorescence%22">Microscopy, Fluorescence</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Cell+Division%22">Cell Division</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Bacteria increase in biomass and divide, but determining precisely when cell division completes is technically challenging. To aid time-lapse imaging and cell-cycle tracking, we set out to identify a protein in Bacillus subtilis that, when fused with a fluorophore, would cause the membrane to fluoresce in a constitutive, uniform, and bright manner. A forward genetic transposon-based approach, combined with fluorescence-activated cell sorting, was used to identify a fluorescent fusion to the glucose PTS transmembrane transport protein PtsG with all desired properties. Moreover, PtsGΩmsfGFP was constitutive and neutral to growth under all conditions tested and also labeled membranes during sporulation. We used PtsGΩmsfGFP to track cell growth in microfluidic channels and modify the definition of cytokinesis as when membrane fluorescence reached a local maximum at the division plane, a definition further supported by fluorescence loss in photobleaching (FLIP) microscopy. Simultaneous imaging with a compatible fluorescent fusion to the cell division protein FtsZ indicated that FtsZ peak intensity occurred midway through septum constriction and that Z-ring recycling coincided with cytokinesis. We conclude that PtsGΩmsfGFP is a useful tool for membrane imaging and cell-cycle tracking. As such, we provide constructs with fluorophores that emit across the visible spectrum and various antibiotic resistance cassettes to facilitate deployment in B. subtilis.IMPORTANCEBacterial cells are fully divided when the new membrane separates the cytoplasm of each daughter. Reproducible staining of bacterial membranes with exogenous labels for fluorescence microscopy can be challenging, particularly during chemostatic growth in microfluidic devices. Here, we report that fusion of a fluorescent protein to the glucose transporter, PtsG, causes the membrane of Bacillus subtilis to emit bright, uniform fluorescence under a variety of conditions. We use PtsGΩmsfGFP to improve the definition of cytokinesis during microfluidic growth, and we note that a fluorescent PtsG fusion would likely facilitate fluorescent membrane staining in any organism, at least in theory.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
– Name: Comment
  Label: Comments
  Group: Commnt
  Data: Update of: bioRxiv. 2026 Jan 24:2026.01.24.701471. doi: 10.64898/2026.01.24.701471.. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241648451%22">41648451)</searchLink>
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: R35 GM131783 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; R35GM131783 United States NH NIH HHS; R35 GM141922 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; T32 GM131994 United States GM NIGMS NIH HHS; T32GM131994 United States NH NIH HHS; R35GM141922 United States NH NIH HHS
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Bacillus subtilis; FtsZ; PTS transport; cytokinesis; growth; membrane label; microfluidics
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        StartPage: e0112626
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Bacterial Proteins genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bacterial Proteins metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell Membrane metabolism
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      – SubjectFull: Cell Cycle
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      – TitleFull: Constitutive, endogenous, fluorescent membrane reporters for dynamic cell cycle analysis in Bacillus subtilis.
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