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Neural basis of compositional control.

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Title: Neural basis of compositional control.
Authors: Chericoni A; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Fine JM; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Ismail TS; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Delgado Salazar G; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA., Franch MC; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Mickiewicz E; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Chavez AG; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Bartoli E; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Paulo DL; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Krishnan V; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Hegazy M; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Goldman AM; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Lin L; Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Banks GP; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA., Giridharan N; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Hasen M; Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia., Provenza NR; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.; Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA., Watrous A; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA., Yoo SBM; Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.; Department of Intelligence Health Precision Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea., Sheth SA; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA.; Gordon and Mary Cain Pediatric Neurology Research Foundation Laboratories, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA., Hayden BY; Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. benjamin.hayden@bcm.edu.; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. benjamin.hayden@bcm.edu.; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. benjamin.hayden@bcm.edu.; Neuroengineering Initiative, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. benjamin.hayden@bcm.edu.
Source: Nature [Nature] 2026 Oct; Vol. 658 (8134), pp. 163-173. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 12.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0410462 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-4687 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00280836 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nature Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Basingstoke : Nature Publishing Group
Original Publication: London, Macmillan Journals ltd.
MeSH Terms: Choice Behavior*/physiology , Goals* , Models, Neurological*, Neurons/physiology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/cytology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology ; Predatory Behavior/physiology ; Humans ; Animals ; Algorithms
Abstract: Naturalistic goal-directed behaviour often involves continuous actions directed at dynamically changing goals1-3. Just as microeconomics serves as a rigorous foundation for discrete choices, control theory can serve as a foundation for understanding choice in continuous ones3,4. In continuous contexts, behaviour is composed of blends of goals, and the closest analogue to choice is a strategic reweighting of goal-specific control policies5,6. Here, to understand the algorithmic and neural bases of continuous choice, we examined behaviour and brain activity in humans performing a continuous prey-pursuit task7. Using a newly developed control-theoretic decomposition of behaviour, we find that pursuit strategies are well described by a meta-controller dictating a mixture of lower-level controllers, each linked to specific pursuit goals. Neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex predict major changes in policy blends, whereas hippocampal neurons encode and update the latent policy state supporting early planning. Meanwhile, orbitofrontal cortex activity is consistent with an encoding of the current value structure of the task, rather than policy switching. Together these results are consistent with a tripartite functional division in which hippocampus serves as a state-estimating controller, anterior cingulate cortex serves as a meta-controller, and orbitofrontal cortex provides a value context signal.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
Competing Interests: Competing interests: S.A.S. is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Abbott, Koh Young, Neuropace, Zimmer Biomet and co-founder of Motif Neurotech. The other authors declare no competing interests.
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Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260812 Date Completed: 20260930 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-026-10896-8
PMID: 42587159
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Choice+Behavior%22">Choice Behavior*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Choice+Behavior+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Goals%22">Goals*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Models%2C+Neurological%22">Models, Neurological*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neurons%22">Neurons</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neurons+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus%22">Hippocampus</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus%22">Hippocampus</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus+cytology%22">cytology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Gyrus+Cinguli%22">Gyrus Cinguli</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Gyrus+Cinguli+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Gyrus+Cinguli%22">Gyrus Cinguli</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Gyrus+Cinguli+cytology%22">cytology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex%22">Prefrontal Cortex</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex%22">Prefrontal Cortex</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex+cytology%22">cytology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Predatory+Behavior%22">Predatory Behavior</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Predatory+Behavior+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Algorithms%22">Algorithms</searchLink>
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  Data: Naturalistic goal-directed behaviour often involves continuous actions directed at dynamically changing goals<superscript>1-3</superscript>. Just as microeconomics serves as a rigorous foundation for discrete choices, control theory can serve as a foundation for understanding choice in continuous ones<superscript>3,4</superscript>. In continuous contexts, behaviour is composed of blends of goals, and the closest analogue to choice is a strategic reweighting of goal-specific control policies<superscript>5,6</superscript>. Here, to understand the algorithmic and neural bases of continuous choice, we examined behaviour and brain activity in humans performing a continuous prey-pursuit task<superscript>7</superscript>. Using a newly developed control-theoretic decomposition of behaviour, we find that pursuit strategies are well described by a meta-controller dictating a mixture of lower-level controllers, each linked to specific pursuit goals. Neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex predict major changes in policy blends, whereas hippocampal neurons encode and update the latent policy state supporting early planning. Meanwhile, orbitofrontal cortex activity is consistent with an encoding of the current value structure of the task, rather than policy switching. Together these results are consistent with a tripartite functional division in which hippocampus serves as a state-estimating controller, anterior cingulate cortex serves as a meta-controller, and orbitofrontal cortex provides a value context signal.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)
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  Data: Competing interests: S.A.S. is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Abbott, Koh Young, Neuropace, Zimmer Biomet and co-founder of Motif Neurotech. The other authors declare no competing interests.
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  Label: References
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