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Effects of varying lateral spot size and beam energy spread in proton therapy: a phantom and patient case study.

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Τίτλος: Effects of varying lateral spot size and beam energy spread in proton therapy: a phantom and patient case study.
Συγγραφείς: Giang Bui C; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada., Lund CM; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada., Nasser J; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada., Maher M; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada., Bancheri J; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada., Yuan J; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada., Vanreusel V; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada., Parent A; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Serban M; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada., Seuntjens J; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Πηγή: Physics in medicine and biology [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 71 (17). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Sep 10.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: IOP Publishing Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401220 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1361-6560 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00319155 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Phys Med Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Bristol : IOP Publishing
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Proton Therapy*/instrumentation , Proton Therapy*/methods , Phantoms, Imaging*, Humans ; Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted ; Radiotherapy Dosage
Περίληψη: Objective.The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is proposed as a low-cost, compact system for proton therapy. It offers additional degrees of freedom over conventional accelerators for controlling beam parameters. This study seeks to determine clinically desirable proton beam characteristics by evaluating their implications for treatment plan quality; particularly, the influence of variations in lateral spot size and beam energy spread were investigated.Approach.A linear optics model of the DWA, developed in, was used to define realistic beam parameters at the accelerator exit, from which an analytical method selected those yielding the desired spot sizes and energy spreads at isocenter. These parameters were subsequently passed through a generic nozzle model in TOPAS. Lateral spot size was varied from 1 to 10 mm. Beam energy spread was varied from 0.00005and 15. Robustly optimized treatment plans were generated in RayStation for a homogeneous water phantom and a sample pediatric central nervous system cancer case. Results were validated against conventional proton beam data.Main results.In the water phantom study, lower energy spreads decreased the normalized surface dose and increased the depth of maximum dose. In both phantom and patient cases, reducing the lateral spot size yielded greater organs-at-risk (OAR) sparing while maintaining comparable target coverage, which is in agreement with the literature. A similar trend of improved OAR sparing was observed with reduced beam energy spread for all cases; albeit, the effect was less pronounced. For realistic optimization of the DWA system, the beam parameters identified as most favorable were a lateral spot size of approximately 1 mm and an energy spread on the order of 0.05to 0.5% for 20 to 226 MeV.Significance.These results should prove useful to both hardware and numerical efforts, and form the basis for future studies of the clinical characteristics of prospective DWA machines.
(Creative Commons Attribution license.)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: dielectric wall accelerator; energy spread; proton therapy; spot size
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260812 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260910
Update Code: 20260911
DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de
PMID: 42586152
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
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  Data: Effects of varying lateral spot size and beam energy spread in proton therapy: a phantom and patient case study.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Giang+Bui+C%22">Giang Bui C</searchLink>; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lund+CM%22">Lund CM</searchLink>; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nasser+J%22">Nasser J</searchLink>; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Maher+M%22">Maher M</searchLink>; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bancheri+J%22">Bancheri J</searchLink>; Medical Physics Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yuan+J%22">Yuan J</searchLink>; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vanreusel+V%22">Vanreusel V</searchLink>; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Parent+A%22">Parent A</searchLink>; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Serban+M%22">Serban M</searchLink>; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Seuntjens+J%22">Seuntjens J</searchLink>; Medical Biophysics Department, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220401220%22">Physics in medicine and biology</searchLink> [Phys Med Biol] 2026 Sep 10; Vol. 71 (17). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Sep 10.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22IOP+Publishing%22">IOP Publishing </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>0401220 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1361-6560 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200319155%22">00319155 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Phys Med Biol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Bristol : IOP Publishing
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton+Therapy%22">Proton Therapy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton+Therapy+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton+Therapy%22">Proton Therapy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton+Therapy+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phantoms%2C+Imaging%22">Phantoms, Imaging*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radiotherapy+Planning%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Radiotherapy+Dosage%22">Radiotherapy Dosage</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Objective.The dielectric wall accelerator (DWA) is proposed as a low-cost, compact system for proton therapy. It offers additional degrees of freedom over conventional accelerators for controlling beam parameters. This study seeks to determine clinically desirable proton beam characteristics by evaluating their implications for treatment plan quality; particularly, the influence of variations in lateral spot size and beam energy spread were investigated.Approach.A linear optics model of the DWA, developed in, was used to define realistic beam parameters at the accelerator exit, from which an analytical method selected those yielding the desired spot sizes and energy spreads at isocenter. These parameters were subsequently passed through a generic nozzle model in TOPAS. Lateral spot size was varied from 1 to 10 mm. Beam energy spread was varied from 0.00005and 15. Robustly optimized treatment plans were generated in RayStation for a homogeneous water phantom and a sample pediatric central nervous system cancer case. Results were validated against conventional proton beam data.Main results.In the water phantom study, lower energy spreads decreased the normalized surface dose and increased the depth of maximum dose. In both phantom and patient cases, reducing the lateral spot size yielded greater organs-at-risk (OAR) sparing while maintaining comparable target coverage, which is in agreement with the literature. A similar trend of improved OAR sparing was observed with reduced beam energy spread for all cases; albeit, the effect was less pronounced. For realistic optimization of the DWA system, the beam parameters identified as most favorable were a lateral spot size of approximately 1 mm and an energy spread on the order of 0.05to 0.5% for 20 to 226 MeV.Significance.These results should prove useful to both hardware and numerical efforts, and form the basis for future studies of the clinical characteristics of prospective DWA machines.<br /> (Creative Commons Attribution license.)
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>dielectric wall accelerator; energy spread; proton therapy; spot size
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260812 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260910 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260910
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  Data: 10.1088/1361-6560/ae98de
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – SubjectFull: Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted
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      – SubjectFull: Radiotherapy Dosage
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