Restaurant wastewater as a sustainable medium for ureolytic bacteria in biocementation.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Restaurant wastewater as a sustainable medium for ureolytic bacteria in biocementation.
Συγγραφείς: Omoregie AI; Research Centre for Borneo Regionalism and Conservation, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia.; School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia., Pramila T; School of Engineering Technology, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia., Rajasekar A; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control (AEMPC), Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CIC-AEET), Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China. a.rajasekar@reading.ac.uk.; School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AH, UK. a.rajasekar@reading.ac.uk., Hong CY; Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru , Johor, 81310, Malaysia., Basri HF; Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru , Johor, 81310, Malaysia., Wei-Li AC; Research Centre for Borneo Regionalism and Conservation, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia.; School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia., Wong CS; Research Centre for Borneo Regionalism and Conservation, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia.; School of Built Environment, University of Technology Sarawak, Sibu, Sarawak, 96000, Malaysia., Jumbo-Flores D; Grupo de Investigación en Materiales Ambiente (GIMA), Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja, Ecuador.
Πηγή: World journal of microbiology & biotechnology [World J Microbiol Biotechnol] 2026 Jul 31; Vol. 42 (8). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 31.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9012472 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-0972 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09593993 NLM ISO Abbreviation: World J Microbiol Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2005- : Berlin : Springer
Original Publication: Oxford, OX, UK : Published by Rapid Communications of Oxford Ltd in association with UNESCO and in collaboration with the International Union of Microbiological Societies, c1990-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Wastewater*/microbiology , Bacteria*/metabolism , Bacteria*/classification , Bacteria*/genetics , Bacteria*/isolation & purification , Urea*/metabolism , Restaurants*, Urease/metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate/metabolism ; Calcium Carbonate/chemistry ; Culture Media/chemistry ; Sporosarcina/isolation & purification ; Sporosarcina/metabolism ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Proteobacteria/metabolism ; Proteobacteria/isolation & purification ; Bacillota/isolation & purification ; Bacillota/metabolism ; Malaysia ; Microbial Consortia ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Περίληψη: Restaurant wastewater (RWW) represents an abundant yet largely unexplored nutrient source for enriching ureolytic microbial consortia applicable to microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP). This study characterised RWW collected from a food-service establishment in Johor, Malaysia (COD 1,341 mg/L; BOD 837 mg/L; pH 6.8), and systematically evaluated its capacity to support indigenous ureolytic bacterial enrichment across three media formulations: yeast extract-based (Medium-1), nutrient broth-based (Medium-2), and brown sugar-based (Medium-3). Medium-1 delivered the strongest performance, achieving OD600 = 1.29 ± 0.06, urease activity = 17.42 ± 1.19 mM urea hydrolysed min- 1, and CaCO3 precipitation = 2.81 ± 0.17 g/L. Optimal bioactivity was recorded at pH 8 and 30 °C, conditions closely aligned with the tropical collection environment. 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing (DADA2 pipeline; SILVA nr v138.1) yielded 101,869 quality-filtered reads across 116 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs; Shannon H = 2.79), identifying a co-dominant community of Firmicutes (50.83%) and Proteobacteria (48.36%), with Sporosarcina (6.09%), Bacillus (3.35%), Lysinibacillus (2.63%), and Raoultella (34.39%) as principal ureolytic contributors. Soil biocementation trials returned a mean surface strength of 423.3 ± 21.6 psi and a CaCO3 content of 16.64 ± 1.72%. Heavy metal immobilisation efficiencies reached 99.60% for Cd2+, 81.87% for Ni2+, 42.47% for Cr3+, and 22.47% for Cu2+ at 10 mg/L. XRD, FTIR, TGA, and DSC collectively confirmed a thermally stable, mineralogically pure biogenic calcite (> 96.7% residue at 894 °C). Collectively, these findings establish RWW-enriched consortia as functionally capable, cost-effective biocatalysts for sustainable MICP, in support of circular economy objectives within tropical urban contexts.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: Achal V, Pan X (2011) Characterization of urease and carbonic anhydrase producing bacteria and their role in calcite precipitation. 894–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-010-9801-4.
Ahmad MA, Zhang J, Liu B, Guohao X, Xiaoyi T, Haoying G, Changjie S, Runhao L, Xiaona X, Weilin L, Huang R, Peiwen T, Deng X (2024) Synergistic effect of composite bacteria on self-healing process of concrete crack. Case Stud Constr Mater 20:e03028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03028. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03028)
APHA (2017) 4500-NH3 NITROGEN (AMMONIA) Standard Methods For the Examination of Waterand Wastewater, 24th. https://doi.org/10.2105/SMWW.2882.087.
ASTM D1293 (2018) ASTM D1293-18 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water. ASTM Stand. https://doi.org/10.1520/D1293-18 . 11.01:10. (PMID: 10.1520/D1293-18)
ASTM D2216 (2019) ASTM D2216-19 Standard test methods for laboratory determination of water (moisture) content of soil and rock by mass. ASTM Stand 04. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2216-19 . .08:7.
ASTM D4691-17 (2025) Standard practice for measuring elements in water by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (ASTM D4691-17). ASTM Stand. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4691-17 . 11.01:8. (PMID: 10.1520/D4691-17)
ASTM D6913 (2025) ASTM D6913/D6913M-17 Standard test methods for particle-size distribution (gradation) of soils using sieve analysis. ASTM Stand 04. https://doi.org/10.1520/D6913_D6913M-17 . .09:34.
ASTM D854 (2023) ASTM D854-23 Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by the Water Displacement Method. ASTM Stand. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0854-23 . 04.08:9. (PMID: 10.1520/D0854-23)
ASTM E1131 (2020) ASTM E1131-20: Standard test method for compositional analysis by thermogravimetry. ASTM International. ASTM Int.
ASTM E1252 (2021) ASTM E1252-98(2021) Standard Practice for General Techniques for Obtaining Infrared Spectra for Qualitative Analysis. ASTM Stand. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1252-98R21 . 03.06:13. (PMID: 10.1520/E1252-98R21)
ASTM E3294 (2025) ASTM E3294-23 Standard guide for forensic analysis of geological materials by powder X-Ray diffraction. https://doi.org/10.1520/E3294-23 . ASTM Stand 14.02.
ASTM E793 (2018) Standard Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. ASTM Int 06:4. https://doi.org/10.1520/E0793-24. (PMID: 10.1520/E0793-24)
ASTM E967 (2018) ASTM E967-18: Standard practice for temperature calibration of differential scanning calorimeters and differential thermal analyzers. ASTM Int.
Bhadiyadra K, Jong SC, Ong DEL, Doh J-H (2024) Trends and opportunities for greener and more efficient microbially induced calcite precipitation pathways: a strategic review. Geotech Res 11:161–185. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.24.00039. (PMID: 10.1680/jgere.24.00039)
Bhutange SP, Latkar MV, Chakrabarti T (2021) Studies on biocementation using natural growth ingredients for bacterial growth. Proc Inst Civ Eng - Eng Sustain 174:266–274. https://doi.org/10.1680/jensu.21.00019. (PMID: 10.1680/jensu.21.00019)
Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods 13:581–583. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3869. (PMID: 10.1038/nmeth.3869272140474927377)
Checinska A, Paszczynski A, Burbank M (2015) Bacillus and other spore-forming genera: Variations in responses and mechanisms for survival. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 6:351–369. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-030713-092332. (PMID: 10.1146/annurev-food-030713-09233225705935)
Cheng L, Cord-Ruwisch R (2013) Selective enrichment and production of highly urease active bacteria by non-sterile (open) chemostat culture. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 40:1095–1104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-013-1310-6. (PMID: 10.1007/s10295-013-1310-623892419)
Comadran-Casas C, Schaschke CJ, Akunna JC, Jorat ME (2022) Cow urine as a source of nutrients for microbial-induced calcite precipitation in sandy soil. J Environ Manage 304:114307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114307. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.11430734942547)
Devrani R, Vangla P, Sharma S (2024) Harnessing Native Ureolytic Bacteria from the Hilly Region for Soil Strength Improvement: Investigating the Effect of Urea-CaCl2 Concentration. World Congr Civil Struct Environ Eng 1–8. https://doi.org/10.11159/icgre24.113.
Dhami NK, Reddy MS, Mukherjee A (2014) Synergistic Role of Bacterial Urease and Carbonic Anhydrase in Carbonate Mineralization. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 172:2552–2561. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-013-0694-0. (PMID: 10.1007/s12010-013-0694-024407944)
E1508 A (2019) ASTM E1508-12a(2019) Standard Guide for Quantitative Analysis by Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy. ASTM Stand. https://doi.org/10.1520/E1508-12AR19 . 03.01:9. (PMID: 10.1520/E1508-12AR19)
Ganapathy A, Sreekala V, Nair S, Kumar V (2024) Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Using Lysinibacillus sp.: A Ureolytic Bacterium from Uttarakhand for Soil Stabilization. Curr Microbiol 81:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-024-03899-z. (PMID: 10.1007/s00284-024-03899-z)
Gat D, Ronen Z, Tsesarsky M (2016) Soil Bacteria Population Dynamics Following Stimulation for Ureolytic Microbial-Induced CaCO3 Precipitation. Environ Sci Technol 50:616–624. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04033. (PMID: 10.1021/acs.est.5b0403326689904)
Guo H, Wang N, Ma Q, Wang J, Gao X (2026) Prospects for the use of MICP technology in the remediation of saline–alkaline soil heavy metal pollution. Microorganisms. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14030681. (PMID: 10.3390/microorganisms140306814251410713414073)
Guzm P, Orozco-mosqueda MC, Santos-villalobos SDL, Glick BR, Santoyo G (2024) Survival strategies of Bacillus spp. in saline soils : Key factors to promote plant growth and health. 70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108303.
Han YJWXL, Wang NJJJ (2019) The effect of enrichment media on the stimulation of native ureolytic bacteria in calcareous sand. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-019-02541-x. (PMID: 10.1007/s13762-019-02541-x)
Han Z, Wang J, Zhang J, Gui H, Zheng J (2026) Remediation of a floodplain soil contaminated by different gradients of Cd, applying MICP technique. Acta Geotech. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-025-02915-1. (PMID: 10.1007/s11440-025-02915-1)
Hang L, Yang F, Xu J, Zhao Z, Xiao W, He J (2023) Experimental study on the effective production of biocement for soil solidification and wind erosion control. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065402. (PMID: 10.3390/su15065402)
Hiscott HF, Montoya BM, Aziz T (2025) Utilization of Anammox to Degrade MICP Effluent Ammonia. In: Geo-EnvironMeet. pp 111–121.
Jifiriya MJ, Preena PG, Singh ISB, Rejish Kumar VJ (2025) Enrichment of nitrifying microbial communities in aquaculture: current trends and prospects. Aquac Int 33:531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-025-02213-3. (PMID: 10.1007/s10499-025-02213-3)
Khan M, Zamani A, Martin N, Acuff C, Dejong JT, Asce F, Gomez MG, Asce M, Nelson DC (2020) Meter-scale biocementation experiments to advance process control and reduce impacts: examining spatial control, ammonium by-product removal, and chemical reductions. 146:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002377.
Ma M, Zhou J, Ongena M, Liu W, Wei D, Zhao B, Guan D, Jiang X, Li J (2018) Effect of long-term fertilization strategies on bacterial community composition in a 35-year field experiment of Chinese Mollisols. AMB Express. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-018-0549-8. (PMID: 10.1186/s13568-018-0549-8303746256206315)
Ma G, Xiao Y, He X, Wu S, Chu J (2025a) Comparison of biomineralization kinetics induced by bacteria, bacterial enzyme, and soybean enzyme. Acta Geotech 20:2185–2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02479-6. (PMID: 10.1007/s11440-024-02479-6)
Ma G, Xiao Y, Liu H, Chu J, Yin ZY, Jiang NJ (2025b) Migration and breakthrough of bacteria in heterogeneous soils and stabilization performance of bio-grouting. Can Geotech J 62:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2024-0196. (PMID: 10.1139/cgj-2024-0196)
Omoregie AI, Palombo EA, Ong DEL, Nissom PM (2020) A feasible scale-up production of Sporosarcina pasteurii using custom-built stirred tank reactor for in-situ soil biocementation. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 24:101544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101544. (PMID: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101544)
Omoregie AI, Muda K, Rahman MR, Bakri MKB, Ngu LH, Ong DEL, Basri HFB, Hong CY, Mokhter MA (2024) Impact of palm oil mill effluent as an economic medium for soil fixation via microbially induced carbonate precipitation. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 14:16369–16401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03889-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s13399-023-03889-4)
Othman N, Irwan JM, Zamer MM, Anneza LH, Tambunan T, Alshalif AF (2017) Acclimatization process of ureolytic bacteria (UB) with soil condition for interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) in improving compressive strength properties. Adv Sci Lett 23:4341–4343. (PMID: 10.1166/asl.2017.8318)
Rajasekar A, Zhao C, Wu S, Murava RT, Wilkinson S (2024) Synergistic biocementation: harnessing Comamonas and Bacillus ureolytic bacteria for enhanced sand stabilization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-04038-3. (PMID: 10.1007/s11274-024-04038-33896100511222202)
Raymond AJ, DeJong JT, Gomez MG, Kendall A, San Pablo ACM, Lee M, Graddy CMR, Nelson DC (2025) Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) Soil Improvement Techniques. Appl Sci 15:1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15031059. (PMID: 10.3390/app15031059)
San Pablo AC, Lee M, Graddy C, Kolbus C, Khan M, Zamani A, Martin N, Acuff C, Dejong J, Gomez M, Nelson D (2020) Meter-scale biocementation experiments to advance process control and reduce impacts: examining spatial control, ammonium by-product removal, and chemical reductions. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002377. (PMID: 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002377)
Sarma S, Mishra AK (2024) Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation – A Potentially Sustainable Approach for Geo-environmental Challenges: A Retrospection into the Mechanism, Influencing Factors, Characterization, and Applications. Geomicrobiol J 41:921–938. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490451.2024.2401887. (PMID: 10.1080/01490451.2024.2401887)
Tarun A, Jha AK (2025) Cattle urine as a substitute for industrial urea for microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) treatment of Ganga River sand. Smart Constr Sustain Cities. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44268-025-00075-5. (PMID: 10.1007/s44268-025-00075-5)
Tarun A, Divya T, Lakshmi S, Jha AK (2025) Immobilization of heavy metal contaminants and their effect on the strength behavior of MICP-treated sand. 151:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/JOEEDU.EEENG-8148.
Wang L, Xiong X, Luo X, Chen W, Wen S, Wang B, Chen C, Huang Q (2020) Science of the Total Environment Aggregational differentiation of ureolytic microbes in an Ultisol under long-term organic and chemical fertilizations. Sci Total Environ 716:137103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137103. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.13710332045764)
Wang YJ, Han XL, Zhang Y, Jiang NJ (2023) A preliminary study on the enrichment of indigenous ureolytic and nitrifying bacteria in beach sand: implication for coastal erosion control. Proc Int Congr Environ Geotech 39–45. https://doi.org/10.53243/ICEG2023-107.
Welz PJ, Ramond J, Braun L, Vikram S (2018) Bacterial nitrogen fi xation in sand bioreactors treating winery wastewater with a high carbon to nitrogen ratio. J Environ Manage 207:192–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.015. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.11.01529179109)
Zamer MM, Irwan JM, Othman N, Faisal SK, Anneza LH, Alshalif AF, Teddy T (2018) Biocalcification using Ureolytic Bacteria (UB) for strengthening Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks (ICEB). IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 311:8–13. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/311/1/012019. (PMID: 10.1088/1757-899X/311/1/012019)
Zhang W, Wang T, Zhang T, Yang J, Han J, Li H, Wang W (2026a) Facile enrichment of a carbonate-mineralizing microbial consortium for carbonate precipitation and stabilization of rare earth waste residue. Sustain Chem Pharm 50:102363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2026.102363. (PMID: 10.1016/j.scp.2026.102363)
Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Garcia-meza JV, Wu Z, Meng D (2026b) Synergistic effects of peat and MICP for copper tailings remediation: Metal immobilization, nutrient retention, and microbial regulation. J Hazard Mater 502:141028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141028. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.14102841494341)
Zhou G, Zhao Z, Zhang G, Gao X, Wang M, Wei B, Chen X, Li J, Li L (2025) Enhanced mineralization and dust suppression mechanism of Bacillus pasteurii synergized with Bacillus mucilaginosus capable of CO<sub>2</sub> capture effect. Chem Eng J 520:166156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.166156. (PMID: 10.1016/j.cej.2025.166156)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Biocementation; Circular economy; Heavy metal immobilisation; MICP; Tropical environment; Ureolysis; Wastewater resource recovery
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Wastewater)
EC 3.5.1.5 (Urease)
8W8T17847W (Urea)
H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
0 (Culture Media)
0 (RNA, Ribosomal, 16S)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260731 Date Completed: 20260731 Latest Revision: 20260803
Update Code: 20260803
PubMed Central ID: PMC13427909
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-026-05159-7
PMID: 42538448
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE