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Techno-economic analysis of hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for phosphorus retention and carbon sequestration.

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Τίτλος: Techno-economic analysis of hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for phosphorus retention and carbon sequestration.
Συγγραφείς: Khoury O; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel., Spatari S; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel., Posmanik R; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel. Electronic address: posmanik@technion.ac.il.
Πηγή: Waste management (New York, N.Y.) [Waste Manag] 2026 Sep 30; Vol. 225, pp. 115780. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 31.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9884362 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2456 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0956053X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Waste Manag Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: New York : Pergamon Press, c1989-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Phosphorus*/chemistry , Phosphorus*/analysis , Sewage*/chemistry , Carbon*/chemistry , Waste Disposal, Fluid*/methods , Waste Disposal, Fluid*/economics , Carbon Sequestration*, Hot Temperature
Περίληψη: Sludge management is a challenging aspect in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical process, converting wet biomass into a valuable hydrochar (HC), while improving environmental performance. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating HTC into a medium-size WWTP. Approximately 21,000 t yr⁻1 of sludge could be converted into ∼ 3,066 t yr⁻1 of HC, achieving a substantial reduction in transported material, while retaining valuable phosphorus. Approximately 73% of the initial sludge carbon was retained in the HC, of which an estimated 49% remained as stable carbon assuming a 67% carbon-stability factor. A techno-economic analysis was conducted considering capital expenditure, operating costs, heat integration, carbon-credit scenarios, and governmental incentives. The estimated capital investment was approximately €2.8 million, with equipment costs accounting for most of the expenditure. Heat integration based on pinch analysis enabled recovery of ∼ 414 kW from a total thermal demand of ∼ 489 kW, corresponding to a heat recovery efficiency of 86% and significantly reducing external energy requirements. The minimum selling price of HC was estimated at €246 t⁻1, with strong sensitivity to HC production. A sensitivity analysis suggests that a minimum carbon-credit, discount rate and project budget subsidy of €60 t⁻1 CO2-eq, 7% and 40%, respectively, are together needed to reduce the dynamic payback-period to below 10 years. Overall, the results demonstrate that HTC can serve as a viable waste-to-resource strategy for WWTPs, supporting circular economy through phosphorus and carbon retention, and reduced management costs.
(Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Roy Posmanik reports financial support was provided by USAID. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Substance Nomenclature: 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)
0 (Sewage)
7440-44-0 (Carbon)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260731 Date Completed: 20260817 Latest Revision: 20260817
Update Code: 20260818
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2026.115780
PMID: 42537262
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Techno-economic analysis of hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge for phosphorus retention and carbon sequestration.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khoury+O%22">Khoury O</searchLink>; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Spatari+S%22">Spatari S</searchLink>; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Posmanik+R%22">Posmanik R</searchLink>; Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; The Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel. Electronic address: posmanik@technion.ac.il.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229884362%22">Waste management (New York, N.Y.)</searchLink> [Waste Manag] 2026 Sep 30; Vol. 225, pp. 115780. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 31.
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  Data: Sludge management is a challenging aspect in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a promising thermochemical process, converting wet biomass into a valuable hydrochar (HC), while improving environmental performance. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating HTC into a medium-size WWTP. Approximately 21,000 t yr⁻<superscript>1</superscript> of sludge could be converted into ∼ 3,066 t yr⁻<superscript>1</superscript> of HC, achieving a substantial reduction in transported material, while retaining valuable phosphorus. Approximately 73% of the initial sludge carbon was retained in the HC, of which an estimated 49% remained as stable carbon assuming a 67% carbon-stability factor. A techno-economic analysis was conducted considering capital expenditure, operating costs, heat integration, carbon-credit scenarios, and governmental incentives. The estimated capital investment was approximately €2.8 million, with equipment costs accounting for most of the expenditure. Heat integration based on pinch analysis enabled recovery of ∼ 414 kW from a total thermal demand of ∼ 489 kW, corresponding to a heat recovery efficiency of 86% and significantly reducing external energy requirements. The minimum selling price of HC was estimated at €246 t⁻<superscript>1</superscript>, with strong sensitivity to HC production. A sensitivity analysis suggests that a minimum carbon-credit, discount rate and project budget subsidy of €60 t⁻<superscript>1</superscript> CO<subscript>2</subscript>-eq, 7% and 40%, respectively, are together needed to reduce the dynamic payback-period to below 10 years. Overall, the results demonstrate that HTC can serve as a viable waste-to-resource strategy for WWTPs, supporting circular economy through phosphorus and carbon retention, and reduced management costs.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Roy Posmanik reports financial support was provided by USAID. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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