Academic Journal
Microalgae Hybrid Biosystem for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Rifaximin in Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment.
| Τίτλος: | Microalgae Hybrid Biosystem for Enhanced Oral Delivery of Rifaximin in Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment. |
|---|---|
| Συγγραφείς: | Wang K; Department of Surgery, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China.; Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China., Huang X; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China., Yang L; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China., Liu J; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China., Lei L; Department of Surgery, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China., Zou S; Department of Surgery, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China., Wang K; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China., Zhou M; Department of Surgery, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China.; Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute (ZJU-UoE Institute), Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China., Tang Z; Department of Surgery, and International School of Medicine, International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, China.; Department of Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. |
| Πηγή: | Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) [Adv Sci (Weinh)] 2026 Sep; Vol. 13 (54), pp. e76443. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 31. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: WILEY-VCH Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101664569 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2198-3844 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21983844 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Adv Sci (Weinh) Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Weinheim : WILEY-VCH, [2014]- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Hepatic Encephalopathy*/drug therapy , Rifaximin*/administration & dosage , Rifaximin*/pharmacology , Rifaximin*/therapeutic use , Microalgae*/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/administration & dosage , Drug Delivery Systems*/methods, Animals ; Administration, Oral ; Mice ; Male ; Disease Models, Animal ; Nanoparticles |
| Περίληψη: | Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a serious neuropsychiatric complication of acute or chronic liver failure. It occurred in approximately 40% of acute liver failure cases and affected 30%-45% of patients with chronic liver failure or decompensated cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia is widely recognized as a central pathogenic factor in the pathogenesis of HE. Rifaximin (RIF), a non-absorbable oral antibiotic, was widely used to manage HE by modulating gut microbiota and reducing ammonia production. However, its clinical efficacy remained suboptimal due to poor aqueous solubility, limited dispersibility, and inadequate gastrointestinal retention. These limitations were further exacerbated in severe cases, owing to restricted oral dosing, recurrence associated with poor adherence, and potential risks of antimicrobial resistance and infection-related adverse events. This study presented a microalgae-nanoparticle hybrid system (SP@RIF) for drug delivery, in which RIF-encapsulated nanoparticles (RIFnano) were electrostatically loaded onto the surface of Spirulina platensis (SP), aiming to improve the oral delivery and therapeutic efficiency in HE treatment. RIFnano exhibited significantly enhanced antibacterial activity compared to free RIF. SP@RIF demonstrated prolonged gastrointestinal retention and sustained drug release profiles. In mouse models of HE, oral administration of SP@RIF markedly reduced systemic ammonia levels and improved behavioral outcomes. Furthermore, SP@RIF enhanced intestinal barrier function, attenuated systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, ameliorated cognitive impairments, and modulated the gut microbiota. Importantly, these therapeutic benefits were achieved without observable toxicity. These findings highlight SP@RIF as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating HE. (© 2026 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley‐VCH GmbH.) |
| References: | K. Weissenborn, “Hepatic Encephalopathy: Definition, Clinical Grading and Diagnostic Principles,” Drugs 79, no. 1 (2019): 5–9, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265‐018‐1018‐z. C. F. Rose, P. Amodio, J. S. Bajaj, et al., “Hepatic Encephalopathy: Novel Insights Into Classification, Pathophysiology And Therapy,” Journal of Hepatology 73, no. 6 (2020): 1526–1547, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.013. R. Gallego‐Durán, A. Hadjihambi, J. Ampuero, C. F. Rose, R. Jalan, and M. Romero‐Gómez, “Ammonia‐Induced Stress Response In Liver Disease Progression And Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 21, no. 11 (2024): 774–791, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575‐024‐00970‐9. D. Evstafeva, F. Ilievski, Y. Bao, et al., “Inhibition Of Urease‐Mediated Ammonia Production By 2‐Octynohydroxamic Acid In Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Nature Communications 15, no. 1 (2024): 2226, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467‐024‐46481‐8. Z. G. Sarin and A. Jacob, “Ammonia In Liver Diseases: A Glimpse Into The Controversies And Consensus,” Arab Journal of Gastroenterology 25, no. 4 (2024): 323–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2024.07.016. F. De Chiara, S. Heebøll, G. Marrone, et al., “Urea Cycle Dysregulation In Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease,” Journal of Hepatology 69, no. 4 (2018): 905–915. D. L. Shawcross, S. S. Shabbir, N. J. Taylor, and R. D. Hughes, “Ammonia And The Neutrophil In The Pathogenesis Of Hepatic Encephalopathy In Cirrhosis,” Hepatology 51, no. 3 (2010): 1062–1069, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.23367. S. Keiding, M. Sørensen, D. Bender, O. L. Munk, P. Ott, and H. Vilstrup, “Brain Metabolism Of 13N‐Ammonia During Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy In Cirrhosis Measured By Positron Emission Tomography†,” Hepatology 43, no. 1 (2006): 42–50, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21001. D. Häussinger and F. Schliess, “Pathogenetic Mechanisms Of Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Gut 57, no. 8 (2008): 1156–1165, https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2007.122176. X. Xu, T. Zhu, C. Jing, et al., “Hepatic Encephalopathy Treatment After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: A New Perspective On The Gut Microbiota,” Frontiers in Medicine 12 (2025): 1423780. A. Torre, J. Córdova‐Gallardo, and F. D. Martínez‐Sánchez, “Hepatic Encephalopathy: Risk Identification And Prophylaxis Approaches,” Metabolic Brain Disease 40, no. 3 (2025): 138, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011‐025‐01531‐y. E. F. M. Wijdicks, “Hepatic Encephalopathy,” New England Journal of Medicine 375, no. 17 (2016): 1660–1670, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1600561. S. Maharshi and B. C. Sharma, “Prophylaxis Of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Current And Future Drug Targets,” Hepatology International 18, no. 4 (2024): 1096–1109, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12072‐024‐10647‐9. V. Vid, P. M. Ruža, and F. Blaž, “Review Of History And Mechanisms Of Action Of Lactulose (4‐O‐β‐D‐Galactopyranosyl‐β‐D‐Fructofuranose): Present And Future Applications In Food,” Journal of Food Science and Technology 61, no. 11 (2024): 2036–2045. M. Israelsen, B. S. Madsen, N. Torp, et al., “Rifaximin‐α For Liver Fibrosis In Patients With Alcohol‐Related Liver Disease (GALA‐RIF): A Randomised, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Phase 2 Trial,” The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8, no. 6 (2023): 523–532, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468‐1253(23)00010‐9. H. Li, Y. Xiang, Z. Zhu, et al., “Rifaximin‐Mediated Gut Microbiota Regulation Modulates The Function Of Microglia And Protects Against CUMS‐Induced Depression‐Like Behaviors In Adolescent Rat,” Journal of Neuroinflammation 18, no. 1 (2021): 254, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974‐021‐02303‐y. Y. Lianjun, L. Bin, Z. Junchi, et al., “Rifaximin Alters Intestinal Microbiota and Prevents Progression of Ankylosing Spondylitis in Mice,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 9, no. 4 (2019): 44. V. C. Patel, S. Lee, M. J. W. McPhail, et al., “Rifaximin‐Α Reduces Gut‐Derived Inflammation And Mucin Degradation In Cirrhosis And Encephalopathy: RIFSYS Randomised Controlled Trial,” Journal of Hepatology 76, no. 2 (2022): 332–342. C. Fiorella, R. Cecilia, B. Miriam, and C. V. Giuseppe, “Rifaximin: Beyond The Traditional Antibiotic Activity,” The Journal of Antibiotics 67, no. 9 (2014): 667–670. N. M. Bass, K. D. Mullen, A. Sanyal, et al., “Rifaximin Treatment In Hepatic Encephalopathy,” New England Journal of Medicine 362, no. 12 (2010): 1071–1081, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907893. Y. Z. Guang, X. Tao, Y. Z. Pei, et al., “Effects Of Rifaximin Versus Nonabsorbable Disaccharides In Hepatic Encephalopathy,” GastroHep 1, no. 1 (2018): 22–32. M. R. Jason and H. R. Gaskins, “Another Renaissance For Bile Acid Gastrointestinal Microbiology,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 21, no. 5 (2024): 348–364. D. Kang, P. Hylemon, J. M. Ridlon, W. M. Pandak, D. M. Heuman, and J. S. Bajaj, “Sa1017 Diminished Fecal Secondary Bile Acids May Predispose patients with cirrhosis to C. Difficile infection And Attenuate The Action Of Rifaximin,” Gastroenterology 148, no. 4 (2015): 1008, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016‐5085(15)33439‐9. C. Darkoh, L. M. Lichtenberger, N. Ajami, E. J. Dial, Z. Jiang, and H. L. Dupont, “Bile Acids Improve the Antimicrobial Effect of Rifaximin,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54, no. 9 (2010): 3618–3624, https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00161‐10. E. C. Lauritano, M. Gabrielli, A. Lupascu, et al., “Rifaximin Dose‐Finding Study For The Treatment Of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth,” Alimentary Pharmacology &Amp, Therapeutics 22, no. 1 (2005): 31–35. L. D. Herbert, “The Potential For Development Of Clinically Relevant Microbial Resistance To Rifaximin‐Α: A Narrative Review,” Clinical Microbiology Reviews 36, no. 4 (2023): 0003923. F. M. Vera, C. Maria, and R. S. Roshni, “Bile Acids: A Communication Channel in the Gut‐Brain Axis,” Neuromolecular Medicine 23, no. 1 (2020): 99–117. A. Kumar and A. Kumar, in Materials for Biomedical Engineering (Eds: V. Grumezescu, A. M. Grumezescu), Elsevier, 2019, pp. 199–216. A. B. Jorge, E. Hugo, A. V. C. Alba, and N. H. José, “Polymer‐Based Encapsulation In Food Products: A Comprehensive Review Of Applications And Advancements,” Journal of Future Foods 5, no. 1 (2025): 36–49. B. W. Jester, H. Zhao, M. Gewe, et al., “Development Of Spirulina For The Manufacture And Oral Delivery Of Protein Therapeutics,” Nature Biotechnology 40, no. 6 (2022): 956–964, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587‐022‐01249‐7. M. Balaji, K. V. Hari, R. Harekrishna, et al., “Food And Drug Industry Applications Of Microalgae Spirulina Platensis: A Review,” Journal of Basic Microbiology 63, no. 6 (2023): 573–583. A. E. Omar, B. Nashiru, R. L. Hooi, et al., “Advances In Delivery Methods Of Arthrospira Platensis (Spirulina) For Enhanced Therapeutic Outcomes,” Bioengineered 13, no. 6 (2022): 14681–14718. S. Liu, L. Shi, H. Luo, et al., “Processed Microalgae: Green Gold For Tissue Regeneration And Repair,” Theranostics 14, no. 13 (2024): 5235–5261, https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.99181. W. Qinghua, L. Lian, M. Anca, K. Blanka, W. Dan, and K. Kamil, “The Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, And Anti‐Inflammatory Activities Of Spirulina: An Overview,” Archives of Toxicology 90, no. 8 (2016): 1817–1840. A. G. Gamal, M. E. Salwa, and S. H. Mohamed, “Antioxidant Activities of Phycocyanin: A Bioactive Compound From Spirulina platensis,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 32, no. 2 (2020): 73–85. Y. Zhang, P. Tan, Y. Zhao, and X. Ma, “Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli: Intestinal Pathogenesis Mechanisms And Colonization Resistance By Gut Microbiota,” Gut Microbes 14, no. 1 (2022): 2055943, https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2022.2055943. Y. S. Tseng, A. K. Patel, D. Haldar, C. W. Chen, C. D. Dong, and R. R. Singhania, “Microalgae And Nano‐Cellulose Composite Produced Via A Co‐Culturing Strategy For Ammonia Removal From The Aqueous Phase,” Bioresource Technology 389 (2023): 129801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129801. L. Qin, M. Gao, M. Zhang, L. Feng, Q. Liu, and G. Zhang, “Application Of Encapsulated Algae Into Mbr For High‐Ammonia Nitrogen Wastewater Treatment And Biofouling Control,” Water Research 187 (2020): 116430, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116430. M. Mir, N. Ahmed, and A. U. Rehman, “Recent Applications Of PLGA Based Nanostructures In Drug Delivery,” Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 159, no. 1 (2017): 217–231, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.038. M. G. Arafa, H. A. Mousa, and N. N. Afifi, “Preparation Of PLGA‐Chitosan Based Nanocarriers For Enhancing Antibacterial Effect Of Ciprofloxacin In Root Canal Infection,” Drug Delivery 27, no. 1 (2020): 26–39, https://doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2019.1701140. A. S. Miranda, D. H. Rodrigues, L. B. Vieira, et al., “A Thioacetamide‐Induced Hepatic Encephalopathy Model In C57bl/6 Mice: A Behavioral And Neurochemical Study,” Arquivos de Neuro‐Psiquiatria 68, no. 4 (2010): 597–602, https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004‐282X2010000400022. B. S. Aribisala, “Hippocampal Integrity And Cognitive Ability In An Aging Population Using Quantitative Mri Techniques,” Innovation in Aging 1, no. 1 (2017): 1290. R. Garcia‐Garcia, Á. J. Cruz‐Gómez, A. Urios, et al., “Learning and Memory Impairments in Patients With Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy are Associated With Structural and Functional Connectivity Alterations in Hippocampus,” Scientific Reports 8, no. 1 (2018): 9664. D. Saidan, L. Leping, J. Huajun, et al., “Dopamine From Cirrhotic Liver Contributes To The Impaired Learning And Memory Ability Of Hippocampus In Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Hepatology International 7, no. 3 (2013): 923–936. N. Arias, M. Méndez, and J. L. Arias, “Differential Contribution Of The Hippocampus In Two Different Demanding Tasks At Early Stages Of Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Neuroscience 284 (2015): 1–10. B. Thorsten, D. Juliane, R. Sigrid, et al., “Selective Neuronal Vulnerability of Human Hippocampal CA1 Neurons: Lesion Evolution, Temporal Course, and Pattern of Hippocampal Damage in Diffusion‐Weighted MR Imaging,” Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 35, no. 11 (2015): 1836–1845. M. Pilar, C. Omar, M. Carmina, et al., “Mechanisms Of Cognitive Alterations In Hyperammonemia And Hepatic Encephalopathy: Therapeutical Implications,” Neurochemistry International 55, no. 1‐3 (2009): 106–112. G. Nedelea, M. I. Muşat, S. I. Mitran, M. C. Ciorbagiu, and B. Cătălin, “Acute Liver Damage Generates Age Independent Microglia Morphology Changes In Mice,” Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology 65, no. 4 (2025): 679–685. C. P. Andrea, L. Marta, M. Carmina, et al., “Peripheral Inflammation Induces Neuroinflammation That Alters Neurotransmission And Cognitive And Motor Function In Hepatic Encephalopathy: Underlying Mechanisms And Therapeutic Implications,” Acta Physiologica 226, no. 2 (2019): 13270. W. Xiao, D. Chao, S. Saravanan, et al., “Severe Gut Mucosal Injury Induces Profound Systemic Inflammation And Spleen‐Associated Lymphoid Organ Response,” Frontiers in Immunology 14, no. 8 (2024): 1340442. N. Barker, J. H. van Es, J. Kuipers, et al., “Identification Of Stem Cells In Small Intestine And Colon By Marker Gene Lgr5,” Nature 449, no. 7165 (2007): 1003–1007, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06196. C. Matteo, E. S. Frine, C. Cinzia, et al., “Assessment Of Antimicrobial Effects On Broiler Gut Barrier Through Histopathology And Immunohistochemistry Of Tight‐Junction Proteins,” Frontiers in Veterinary Science 29, no. 9 (2022): 830073. I. Cho, B. Koo, E. H. Kam, S. K. Lee, H. Oh, and S. Y. Kim, “Bile Duct Ligation Of C57bl/6 Mice As A Model Of Hepatic Encephalopathy,” Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 15, no. 1 (2020): 19–27, https://doi.org/10.17085/apm.2020.15.1.19. M. Cristina, E. Consuelo, D. Mar, B. Consuelo, and V. José, “Lipid Peroxidation As Measured By Chromatographic Determination of Malondialdehyde. Human Plasma Reference Values In Health And Disease,” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 709 (2021): 108941. N. J. Abbott, R. Lars, and H. Elisabeth, “Astrocyte–Endothelial Interactions At The Blood–Brain Barrier,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (2006): 41–53. T. K. Victoria, H. T. Thomas, P. Carmine, and L. S. Debbie, “Gut‐Derived Systemic Inflammation As A Driver Of Depression In Chronic Liver Disease,” Journal of Hepatology 76, no. 3 (2022): 665–680. B. L. Anaïs, L. P. M. Hugo, and J. B. Andreas, “Bile Acids As Modulators Of Gut Microbiota Composition And Function,” Gut Microbes 15, no. 1 (2023): 2172671. C. A. Lozupone and R. Knight, “Species Divergence And The Measurement Of Microbial Diversity,” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32, no. 4 (2008): 557–578, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574‐6976.2008.00111.x. Z. Silvia and G. Jacopo, “The Stochastic Logistic Model With Correlated Carrying Capacities Reproduces Beta‐Diversity Metrics Of Microbial Communities,” Plos Computational Biology 18, no. 4 (2022): 1010043. P. M. Kumar, B. Sharon, T. Peter, et al., “Statistical Analysis Of Co‐Occurrence Patterns In Microbial Presence‐Absence Datasets,” PLoS ONE 12, no. 11 (2017): 0187132. R. Carlo and P. Sandrine, “A New Parametric Measure Of Functional Dissimilarity: Bridging The Gap Between The Bray‐Curtis Dissimilarity And The Euclidean Distance,” Ecological Modelling 466 (2022): 109880. W. Jiangping, C. Yan, Z. Jiawei, et al., “Associations Between Wastewater Gut Microbiome And Community Obesity Rates: Potential Microbial Biomarkers For Surveillance,” Soil &Amp, Environmental Health 2, no. 2 (2024): 100081. Q. Liu, Z. P. Duan, D. K. Ha, S. Bengmark, J. Kurtovic, and S. M. Riordan, “Synbiotic Modulation Of Gut Flora: Effect On Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy In Patients With Cirrhosis,” Hepatology 39, no. 5 (2004): 1441–1449, https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.20194. X. Sun, Y. Gao, X. Wang, et al., “Escherichia Coli O101‐Induced Diarrhea Develops Gut Microbial Dysbiosis In Rats,” Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine 17, no. 1 (2018): 824–834. Z. Ying, Z. Xin, Z. Minhong, and F. Jinghai, “Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Exaggerates Ammonia‐Induced Tracheal Injury Via TLR4 Signaling Pathway,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 246 (2022): 114206. S. C. Xing, C. B. Huang, J. D. Mi, Y. B. Wu, and X. D. Liao, “Bacillus Coagulans R11 Maintained Intestinal Villus Health And Decreased Intestinal Injury In Lead‐Exposed Mice By Regulating The Intestinal Microbiota And Influenced The Function Of Faecal microRNAs,” Environmental Pollution 255, no. Pt 2 (2019): 113139, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113139. M. Le Sayec, Y. Xu, M. Laiola, et al., “The Effects Of Aronia Berry (Poly)Phenol Supplementation On Arterial Function And The Gut Microbiome In Middle Aged Men And Women: Results From A Randomized Controlled Trial,” Clinical Nutrition 41, no. 11 (2022): 2549–2561. X. Jia, H. Liu, G. Yin, et al., “Arctium Lappal. Polysaccharides Alleviate Oxidative Stress And Inflammation In The Liver And Kidney Of Aging Mice By Regulating Intestinal Homeostasis,” International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 280, no. Pt 2 (2024): 135802, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135802. J. Xia, W. Guo, M. Hu, et al., “Resynchronized Rhythmic Oscillations Of Gut Microbiota Drive Time‐Restricted Feeding Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Alleviation,” Gut Microbes 15, no. 1 (2023): 2221450, https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2023.2221450. S. Li, S. Fan, Y. Ma, C. Xia, and Q. Yan, “Influence Of Gender, Age, And Body Mass Index On The Gut Microbiota Of Individuals From South China,” Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 14 (2024): 1419884, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1419884. Y. Zhu, B. Chen, X. Zhang, et al., “Exploration Of The Muribaculaceae Family In The Gut Microbiota: Diversity, Metabolism, And Function,” Nutrients 16, no. 16 (2024): 2660. J. He, M.‐N. Wang, H.‐J. Chen, et al., “Muribaculum Intestinale Alleviates Depressive‐Like Behaviors by Inhibiting Th17 Cell Differentiation and M1 Microglia Polarization,” Microbiome 14, no. 1 (2026): 85, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168‐026‐02354‐4. Y. Fan, Z. Yang, M. Wang, et al., “Resveratrol Alleviates IBD‐Associated Neuropsychiatric Comorbidities via Microbiota‐Dependent Arginine Metabolism Reprogramming and Microglial M2 Polarization Through Gut‐Brain Axis,” Cell Communication and Signaling 23, no. 1 (2025): 429, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12964‐025‐02448‐w. |
| Grant Information: | 2022YFA1105200 National Key R&D Program of China; ZR2023ZD30 Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province; 2022R01002 Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang; 2025C01114 Leading Goose and Pioneer Program of Zhejiang Province; GZC20232298 Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: blood ammonia; drug delivery; hepatic encephalopathy; nanoparticle; rifaximin; spirulina platensis |
| Substance Nomenclature: | L36O5T016N (Rifaximin) 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260731 Date Completed: 20260928 Latest Revision: 20260928 |
| Update Code: | 20260928 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13426099 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/advs.76443 |
| PMID: | 42535828 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
καταχωρήστε σχόλιο πρώτοι!