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Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Approach- and Avoidance-Motivated Actions.

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Τίτλος: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Approach- and Avoidance-Motivated Actions.
Συγγραφείς: Sugawara SK; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan sugawara-sh@igakuken.or.jp nishimura-yk@igakuken.or.jp.; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan., Nakayama Y; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.; Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba 275-8576, Japan., Hamano YH; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.; Research Fellow for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan., Yamamoto T; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan., Fukunaga M; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Physiological Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan., Sadato N; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan., Nishimura Y; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan sugawara-sh@igakuken.or.jp nishimura-yk@igakuken.or.jp.
Πηγή: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience [J Neurosci] 2026 Aug 26; Vol. 46 (34). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 26.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Society for Neuroscience Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8102140 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1529-2401 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02706474 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Washington, DC : Society for Neuroscience
Original Publication: [Baltimore, Md.] : The Society, c1981-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Motivation*/physiology , Avoidance Learning*/physiology , Prefrontal Cortex*/physiology , Brain Mapping*, Reaction Time/physiology ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology ; Hand Strength/physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Reward ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
Περίληψη: The motivation to approach rewards and avoid negative outcomes often guides human action. However, whether these opposing motivations for actions engage common or distinct neural pathways in humans remains unresolved. To address this, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a ready-set-go task with potential monetary gains (approach) and losses (avoidance) in 29 healthy individuals (18 males and 11 females). At the prefrontal level, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex were preferentially activated by the anticipation of gains and losses, respectively, indicating distinct cortical representations of approach and avoidance motivations. At the subcortical level, the dorsolateral ventral midbrain (VM) was engaged during the anticipation of both gains and losses, whereas the ventromedial VM was selectively activated by gain anticipation. Crucially, dorsolateral VM activity was positively correlated with the subsequent peak grip force but not the reaction time (RT), suggesting its role in transmitting motivational signals to downstream motor circuits. At the motor cortical level, the activity of the primary motor cortex was correlated with both the grip force and RT. Together, these findings suggest a hierarchical circuit in which approach and avoidance motivations are distinctly represented in the prefrontal cortex, partially converge in the VM, and ultimately influence motor cortex activity to generate motor output. This framework provides evidence that opposing motivations engage both distinct and shared neural pathways and that their integration through subcortical-cortical interactions enables motivational signals to shape human motor action.
(Copyright © 2026 Sugawara et al.)
Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 May 19;112(20):E2695-704. (PMID: 25947150)
Neuroimage. 2014 Jan 1;84:279-89. (PMID: 24001457)
Cell. 2015 Jun 4;161(6):1320-33. (PMID: 26027737)
Science. 2007 May 11;316(5826):904-6. (PMID: 17431137)
Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1264-7. (PMID: 18309087)
Neuroimage. 2006 Jul 15;31(4):1453-74. (PMID: 16571375)
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2014 Sep;9(9):1289-302. (PMID: 23887811)
Neuroimage. 2018 Feb 1;166:152-166. (PMID: 29066396)
Pers Individ Dif. 2006 Mar 1;40(4):699-711. (PMID: 19718273)
Nat Neurosci. 2012 May;15(5):776-85. (PMID: 22484571)
Neuron. 2010 Dec 9;68(5):815-34. (PMID: 21144997)
Neuroimage. 2002 Jan;15(1):273-89. (PMID: 11771995)
J Neurosci. 2005 May 11;25(19):4806-12. (PMID: 15888656)
Magn Reson Med. 2010 May;63(5):1144-53. (PMID: 20432285)
Neuroimage. 2013 Oct 15;80:105-24. (PMID: 23668970)
Science. 2005 Mar 11;307(5715):1642-5. (PMID: 15761155)
Neuroimage. 1996 Dec;4(3 Pt 1):223-35. (PMID: 9345513)
Neuroimage. 2003 Oct;20(2):870-88. (PMID: 14568458)
Neuroimage. 2003 Feb;18(2):263-72. (PMID: 12595181)
Neuroimage. 2021 Dec 1;244:118617. (PMID: 34600102)
Prog Neurobiol. 1980;14(2-3):69-97. (PMID: 6999537)
Cereb Cortex. 1998 Jun;8(4):321-45. (PMID: 9651129)
J Neurosci. 2000 Mar 15;20(6):2369-82. (PMID: 10704511)
Neuroimage. 2018 May 15;172:538-553. (PMID: 29408461)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2011 Apr;35(5):1219-36. (PMID: 21185861)
Neuroimage. 2009 Oct 15;48(1):63-72. (PMID: 19573611)
J Comp Neurol. 1990 Mar 8;293(2):282-98. (PMID: 19189717)
Neuroimage. 2020 Feb 1;206:116189. (PMID: 31521825)
Radiology. 2000 Sep;216(3):891-9. (PMID: 10966728)
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Neuroimage. 1998 Jan;7(1):30-40. (PMID: 9500830)
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PeerJ. 2018 May 10;6:e4749. (PMID: 29761060)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: dopamine; medial prefrontal cortex; midbrain; motivation; motor performance
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260730 Date Completed: 20260826 Latest Revision: 20260830
Update Code: 20260830
PubMed Central ID: PMC13522288
DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0238-26.2026
PMID: 42532842
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42532842
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
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  Data: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Approach- and Avoidance-Motivated Actions.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sugawara+SK%22">Sugawara SK</searchLink>; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan sugawara-sh@igakuken.or.jp nishimura-yk@igakuken.or.jp.; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nakayama+Y%22">Nakayama Y</searchLink>; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.; Department of Liberal Arts and Basic Sciences, College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba 275-8576, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hamano+YH%22">Hamano YH</searchLink>; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan.; Research Fellow for the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yamamoto+T%22">Yamamoto T</searchLink>; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fukunaga+M%22">Fukunaga M</searchLink>; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Physiological Science Program, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sadato+N%22">Sadato N</searchLink>; Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Core for Spin Life Science, Okazaki Collaborative Platform, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nishimura+Y%22">Nishimura Y</searchLink>; Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan sugawara-sh@igakuken.or.jp nishimura-yk@igakuken.or.jp.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: The motivation to approach rewards and avoid negative outcomes often guides human action. However, whether these opposing motivations for actions engage common or distinct neural pathways in humans remains unresolved. To address this, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a ready-set-go task with potential monetary gains (approach) and losses (avoidance) in 29 healthy individuals (18 males and 11 females). At the prefrontal level, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex were preferentially activated by the anticipation of gains and losses, respectively, indicating distinct cortical representations of approach and avoidance motivations. At the subcortical level, the dorsolateral ventral midbrain (VM) was engaged during the anticipation of both gains and losses, whereas the ventromedial VM was selectively activated by gain anticipation. Crucially, dorsolateral VM activity was positively correlated with the subsequent peak grip force but not the reaction time (RT), suggesting its role in transmitting motivational signals to downstream motor circuits. At the motor cortical level, the activity of the primary motor cortex was correlated with both the grip force and RT. Together, these findings suggest a hierarchical circuit in which approach and avoidance motivations are distinctly represented in the prefrontal cortex, partially converge in the VM, and ultimately influence motor cortex activity to generate motor output. This framework provides evidence that opposing motivations engage both distinct and shared neural pathways and that their integration through subcortical-cortical interactions enables motivational signals to shape human motor action.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Sugawara et al.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: The authors declare no competing financial interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>dopamine; medial prefrontal cortex; midbrain; motivation; motor performance
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260730 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260826 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260830
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  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13522288
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0238-26.2026
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42532842
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42532842
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0238-26.2026
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Reaction Time physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Psychomotor Performance physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hand Strength physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motor Cortex physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Young Adult
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Reward
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Motivation physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Avoidance Learning physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Prefrontal Cortex physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brain Mapping
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates for Approach- and Avoidance-Motivated Actions.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sugawara SK
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nakayama Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hamano YH
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Yamamoto T
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fukunaga M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Sadato N
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nishimura Y
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 26
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 26
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1529-2401
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 46
            – Type: issue
              Value: 34
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience
              Type: main
ResultId 1