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Full-scale conversion of a wastewater treatment plant from biological to chemical phosphorus removal for vivianite formation.

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Τίτλος: Full-scale conversion of a wastewater treatment plant from biological to chemical phosphorus removal for vivianite formation.
Συγγραφείς: Nguyen H; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands. Electronic address: vietha3112@gmail.com., Korving L; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands., Prot T; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands., Cazalet D; Veolia Wasser Deutschland GmbH, Walter-Köhn Str. 1a, Leipzig, 04356, Germany., van Veelen HPJ; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands., Roy S; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands., Belloni C; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands., Dugulan AI; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, Delft, JB, 2629, the Netherlands., van Loosdrecht MCM; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands.
Πηγή: Water research [Water Res] 2026 Oct 15; Vol. 305, pp. 126510. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 16.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0105072 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2448 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00431354 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Water Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Oxford, Pergamon Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Phosphorus*/isolation & purification , Waste Disposal, Fluid*/methods , Wastewater*/chemistry , Wastewater*/microbiology , Water Purification*/methods , Magnesium Compounds*, Sewage/microbiology ; Sewage/chemistry ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Iron/chemistry ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Calcium Carbonate ; Magnesium
Περίληψη: This study evaluates the operational impacts and vivianite formation potential of converting a full-scale wastewater treatment plant from Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) to Chemical Phosphorus Removal (CPR) with the aim of producing vivianite-rich sludge as a prerequisite for downstream phosphorus recovery in the form of vivianite. By increasing the Fe/P molar ratio in digested sludge from 0.5 to 1.6, up to 90 % of sludge phosphorus was bound as vivianite. Although the additional iron was dosed into the primary sludge line to target vivianite formation in the digester, substantial vivianite formation may have occurred mainly in the secondary system before anaerobic digestion. The transition to CPR improved effluent quality (86 % lower P and 34 % lower COD), reduced biogas H₂S levels from 332 ppm to 1 ppm, and increased dewatered cake dry matter from 24 % to 30 %. Mass balances indicated that dosing iron into the primary thickener triggered substantial reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, causing iron recirculation to the influent and possibly impairing primary settling. Microbial analysis showed pronounced but reversible shifts in community structure, while Polyphosphate-Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) remained stable before and after the return to EBPR operation. For future implementation, maintaining waterline iron dosing for effluent P control while dosing only the additional iron required for vivianite formation directly into the digester may improve process stability, but this strategy requires site-specific testing.
(Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Biological P removal; Chemical P removal; Phosphorus recovery; Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms; Vivianite
Substance Nomenclature: 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)
0 (Wastewater)
0 (Sewage)
E1UOL152H7 (Iron)
UG9H2002BF (calcium magnesium carbonate)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
0 (Magnesium Compounds)
H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)
I38ZP9992A (Magnesium)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260724 Date Completed: 20260909 Latest Revision: 20260909
Update Code: 20260909
DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.126510
PMID: 42497556
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Full-scale conversion of a wastewater treatment plant from biological to chemical phosphorus removal for vivianite formation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nguyen+H%22">Nguyen H</searchLink>; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands. Electronic address: vietha3112@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Korving+L%22">Korving L</searchLink>; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Prot+T%22">Prot T</searchLink>; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cazalet+D%22">Cazalet D</searchLink>; Veolia Wasser Deutschland GmbH, Walter-Köhn Str. 1a, Leipzig, 04356, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Veelen+HPJ%22">van Veelen HPJ</searchLink>; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Roy+S%22">Roy S</searchLink>; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Belloni+C%22">Belloni C</searchLink>; Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, Leeuwarden, MA, 8911, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dugulan+AI%22">Dugulan AI</searchLink>; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 15, Delft, JB, 2629, the Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22van+Loosdrecht+MCM%22">van Loosdrecht MCM</searchLink>; Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft, HZ, 2629, the Netherlands.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phosphorus%22">Phosphorus*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phosphorus+isolation+%26+purification%22">isolation & purification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Waste+Disposal%2C+Fluid%22">Waste Disposal, Fluid*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Waste+Disposal%2C+Fluid+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater%22">Wastewater*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater%22">Wastewater*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Wastewater+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Purification%22">Water Purification*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Purification+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnesium+Compounds%22">Magnesium Compounds*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sewage%22">Sewage</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sewage+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sewage%22">Sewage</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sewage+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bioreactors%22">Bioreactors</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bioreactors+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Iron%22">Iron</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Iron+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical%22">Water Pollutants, Chemical</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Calcium+Carbonate%22">Calcium Carbonate</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Magnesium%22">Magnesium</searchLink>
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  Data: This study evaluates the operational impacts and vivianite formation potential of converting a full-scale wastewater treatment plant from Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) to Chemical Phosphorus Removal (CPR) with the aim of producing vivianite-rich sludge as a prerequisite for downstream phosphorus recovery in the form of vivianite. By increasing the Fe/P molar ratio in digested sludge from 0.5 to 1.6, up to 90 % of sludge phosphorus was bound as vivianite. Although the additional iron was dosed into the primary sludge line to target vivianite formation in the digester, substantial vivianite formation may have occurred mainly in the secondary system before anaerobic digestion. The transition to CPR improved effluent quality (86 % lower P and 34 % lower COD), reduced biogas H₂S levels from 332 ppm to 1 ppm, and increased dewatered cake dry matter from 24 % to 30 %. Mass balances indicated that dosing iron into the primary thickener triggered substantial reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺, causing iron recirculation to the influent and possibly impairing primary settling. Microbial analysis showed pronounced but reversible shifts in community structure, while Polyphosphate-Accumulating Organisms (PAOs) remained stable before and after the return to EBPR operation. For future implementation, maintaining waterline iron dosing for effluent P control while dosing only the additional iron required for vivianite formation directly into the digester may improve process stability, but this strategy requires site-specific testing.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Biological P removal; Chemical P removal; Phosphorus recovery; Polyphosphate-accumulating organisms; Vivianite
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  Data: 27YLU75U4W (Phosphorus)<br />0 (Wastewater)<br />0 (Sewage)<br />E1UOL152H7 (Iron)<br />UG9H2002BF (calcium magnesium carbonate)<br />0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)<br />0 (Magnesium Compounds)<br />H0G9379FGK (Calcium Carbonate)<br />I38ZP9992A (Magnesium)
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        Value: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.126510
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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Sewage microbiology
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      – SubjectFull: Sewage chemistry
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      – SubjectFull: Bioreactors microbiology
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      – SubjectFull: Magnesium
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