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Training variability facilitates the flexibility of goal-specific spatial probability learning.

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Τίτλος: Training variability facilitates the flexibility of goal-specific spatial probability learning.
Συγγραφείς: Pei Y; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China., Xu J; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China., Zhang K; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China., Yu Q; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China., Qian J; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China., Ren Y; Faculty of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No. 1 Daxue Road, Changqing District, Jinan, 250358, P. R. China. renyanju@gmail.com.; Shandong Provincial Key laboratory of Brain Science and Mental Health, No. 88 East Wenhua Road, Lixia District, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China. renyanju@gmail.com.
Πηγή: Psychological research [Psychol Res] 2026 Jul 21; Vol. 90 (4). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 21.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 0435062 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1430-2772 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03400727 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychol Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Spatial Learning*/physiology , Space Perception*/physiology , Probability Learning* , Goals*, Humans ; Cognitive Flexibility ; Cues
Περίληψη: Selection history is traditionally characterized as a rigid and automated habit that persists regardless of current goals. Although recent research suggests that explicit goals can modulate this process, the mechanisms underlying this flexibility and its acquisition conditions remain poorly understood. Across two experiments using simple geometric shapes, the present study examined the joint modulatory effects of explicit goals and training variability on spatial probability learning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that explicit goals can directly activate the spatial priority map, ruling out confounds based on long-term semantic associations. Crucially, this modulation was found to be highly target-specific, as the spatial bias vanished immediately when the explicit cue was removed. Experiment 2 investigated the acquisition of this flexibility through the lens of the Contextual Interference effect. We found that training format played a highly influential role: In Experiment 2 A (Interleaved training), where background colors switched randomly across trials, participants successfully established a robust, flexible "context-goal" mapping. However, in Experiment 2B (Blocked training), participants failed to transfer the learned bias to a dynamic test phase, despite showing strong effects during learning. These results suggest that flexibility is not inherent to probability cueing but is learned. Establishing a robust Contextual Gating mechanism requires high-variability training that forces active strategy retrieval, whereas low-variability training yields only fragile biases dependent on passive priming. These findings support a conditional automaticity account of selection history.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Grant Information: ZR2022MC164 Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province; Z2024245 Key Project for Undergraduate Teaching Reform Research of Shandong Province
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260721 Date Completed: 20260721 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-026-02351-0
PMID: 42479240
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1430-2772
DOI:10.1007/s00426-026-02351-0