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Mechanistic insights into KOH-regulated biochar derived from waste Myriophyllum aquaticum biomass for 1O2-mediated degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

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Τίτλος: Mechanistic insights into KOH-regulated biochar derived from waste Myriophyllum aquaticum biomass for 1O2-mediated degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
Συγγραφείς: Zhou G; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Zhang D; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China. Electronic address: zhangdong@hdu.edu.cn., Lou Z; Hangzhou Hengjun Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China., Zhao M; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Wu D; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Zhang S; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Pan Y; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Lü T; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Zhao H; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Lin J; Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China., Lu L; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China. Electronic address: ll0106@zjgsu.edu.cn., Zhang M; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
Πηγή: Journal of environmental management [J Environ Manage] 2026 Aug 01; Vol. 414, pp. 130496. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 16.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0401664 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1095-8630 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03014797 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Manage Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London ; New York, Academic Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Chlorophenols*/chemistry , Charcoal*/chemistry , Potassium Compounds*/chemistry , Hydroxides*/chemistry , Magnoliopsida*/chemistry, Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry ; Biomass ; Catalysis
Περίληψη: Porous biochar has emerged as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the activation of persulfate (specifically peroxymonosulfate, PMS) to degrade organic contaminants, owing to its highly-developed pore structure and abundant surface functionalities. However, its catalytic efficiency is critically influenced by intrinsic structural defects and surface chemistry, yet the underlying structure-activity relationships remain elusive. Notably, the specific mechanisms governing electron transfer within non-radical pathways during PMS activation require further clarification. In this study, a series of porous biochars were synthesized from waste Myriophyllum aquaticum via KOH activation followed by pyrolysis at varying temperatures. The results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of high-temperature pyrolysis and alkali activation significantly augments structural defects and the density of oxygen-containing functional groups, thereby accelerating electron transfer and PMS activation. Among these catalysts, the PMaB-800-1/PMS system achieved complete removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) within 15 min, exhibiting a high apparent rate constant (kobs) of 0.35 min-1 and an ultra-high PMS utilization efficiency of 0.53. Radical quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical analyses confirmed that 2,4,6-TCP degradation was predominantly driven by a non-radical oxidation pathway involving 1O2, O2•-, and direct electron transfer. Insights from XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed that C=O/O-C=O groups and pyridinic N served as the primary active sites for PMS activation and the selective generation of reactive oxygen species. This study not only provides a sustainable route for the upcycling of spent aquatic plants, but also offers a robust strategy for constructing efficient remediation systems for organic pollutants.
(Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol; KOH activation; Non-radical reaction; Peroxymonosulfate; Porous biochar
Substance Nomenclature: MHS8C5BAUZ (2,4,6-trichlorophenol)
0 (Chlorophenols)
16291-96-6 (Charcoal)
0 (Potassium Compounds)
0 (biochar)
0 (Hydroxides)
WZH3C48M4T (potassium hydroxide)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260716 Date Completed: 20260804 Latest Revision: 20260804
Update Code: 20260804
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2026.130496
PMID: 42462438
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Mechanistic insights into KOH-regulated biochar derived from waste Myriophyllum aquaticum biomass for <superscript>1</superscript>O<subscript>2</subscript>-mediated degradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+G%22">Zhou G</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+D%22">Zhang D</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China. Electronic address: zhangdong@hdu.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lou+Z%22">Lou Z</searchLink>; Hangzhou Hengjun Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+M%22">Zhao M</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wu+D%22">Wu D</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+S%22">Zhang S</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pan+Y%22">Pan Y</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lü+T%22">Lü T</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+H%22">Zhao H</searchLink>; College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lin+J%22">Lin J</searchLink>; Institute of Carbon Neutrality and New Energy, School of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lu+L%22">Lu L</searchLink>; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center of Non-ferrous Metal Waste Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China. Electronic address: ll0106@zjgsu.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+M%22">Zhang M</searchLink>; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, China.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220401664%22">Journal of environmental management</searchLink> [J Environ Manage] 2026 Aug 01; Vol. 414, pp. 130496. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 16.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Academic+Press%22">Academic Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>0401664 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1095-8630 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2203014797%22">03014797 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Environ Manage <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: London ; New York, Academic Press.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorophenols%22">Chlorophenols*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorophenols+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Charcoal%22">Charcoal*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Charcoal+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds%22">Potassium Compounds*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydroxides%22">Hydroxides*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Hydroxides+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnoliopsida%22">Magnoliopsida*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnoliopsida+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical%22">Water Pollutants, Chemical</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Biomass%22">Biomass</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Catalysis%22">Catalysis</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Porous biochar has emerged as a promising heterogeneous catalyst for the activation of persulfate (specifically peroxymonosulfate, PMS) to degrade organic contaminants, owing to its highly-developed pore structure and abundant surface functionalities. However, its catalytic efficiency is critically influenced by intrinsic structural defects and surface chemistry, yet the underlying structure-activity relationships remain elusive. Notably, the specific mechanisms governing electron transfer within non-radical pathways during PMS activation require further clarification. In this study, a series of porous biochars were synthesized from waste Myriophyllum aquaticum via KOH activation followed by pyrolysis at varying temperatures. The results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of high-temperature pyrolysis and alkali activation significantly augments structural defects and the density of oxygen-containing functional groups, thereby accelerating electron transfer and PMS activation. Among these catalysts, the PMaB-800-1/PMS system achieved complete removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP) within 15 min, exhibiting a high apparent rate constant (k<subscript>obs</subscript>) of 0.35 min<superscript>-1</superscript> and an ultra-high PMS utilization efficiency of 0.53. Radical quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical analyses confirmed that 2,4,6-TCP degradation was predominantly driven by a non-radical oxidation pathway involving <superscript>1</superscript>O<subscript>2</subscript>, O<subscript>2</subscript><superscript>•-</superscript>, and direct electron transfer. Insights from XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed that C=O/O-C=O groups and pyridinic N served as the primary active sites for PMS activation and the selective generation of reactive oxygen species. This study not only provides a sustainable route for the upcycling of spent aquatic plants, but also offers a robust strategy for constructing efficient remediation systems for organic pollutants.<br /> (Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>2,4,6-Trichlorophenol; KOH activation; Non-radical reaction; Peroxymonosulfate; Porous biochar
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  Data: MHS8C5BAUZ (2,4,6-trichlorophenol)<br />0 (Chlorophenols)<br />16291-96-6 (Charcoal)<br />0 (Potassium Compounds)<br />0 (biochar)<br />0 (Hydroxides)<br />WZH3C48M4T (potassium hydroxide)<br />0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
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