Academic Journal
Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Derivatives and Alternative Agents on Streptococcus mutans Viability, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression.
| Τίτλος: | Comparative Analysis of Chlorhexidine Derivatives and Alternative Agents on Streptococcus mutans Viability, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expression. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Kamalloo H; Department of Microbiology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Moeininejad M; School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Golshoui MK; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Samadyar F; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Science, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University Karaj, Karaj, Iran., Shivaee A; Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Kalani BS; Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.; Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran. |
| Πηγή: | MicrobiologyOpen [Microbiologyopen] 2026 Aug; Vol. 15 (4), pp. e70360. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article; Comparative Study |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101588314 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-8827 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20458827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiologyopen Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Biofilms*/drug effects , Biofilms*/growth & development , Chlorhexidine*/pharmacology , Chlorhexidine*/analogs & derivatives , Streptococcus mutans*/drug effects , Streptococcus mutans*/physiology , Streptococcus mutans*/genetics , Microbial Viability*/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial*/drug effects, Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Biguanides |
| Περίληψη: | This study evaluates the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of chlorhexidine and related compounds against S. mutans, focusing on bacterial viability, biofilm formation, and expression of key biofilm genes. Eight compounds were tested for their chemical properties, MICs, and interactions via FIC analyses. Time-kill assays assessed bactericidal activity over 24 h, while cytotoxicity was evaluated in human gingival fibroblasts. Gene expression of biofilm-related genes was analyzed to determine transcriptional modulation. Chlorhexidine gluconate and alexidine showed the strongest antimicrobial activity, with MICs of 2 μg/mL against the reference strain and 4 μg/mL for clinical isolates. Time-kill results demonstrated bacterial reductions from ~7.2 to < 1.0 log CFU/mL in the reference strain but less effect in clinical isolates. Chlorhexidine reduced biofilm biomass by nearly 19% at 48 h, whereas amoxicillin increased biofilm formation by over 12%. Cytotoxicity varied, with proguanil showing high cell viability (90%), while chlorhexidine and alexidine reduced viability to 50-70%. Gene expression analyzes revealed significant downregulation of gtfD and brpA by chlorhexidine and analogs, contrasting with mild upregulation by amoxicillin. These findings highlight chlorhexidine compounds as effective anti-biofilm agents, emphasizing the need for continued exploration of alternatives and combination therapies to enhance dental caries treatment. (© 2026 The Author(s). MicrobiologyOpen published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) |
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| Grant Information: | Ilam University of Medical Sciences |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Streptococcus mutans; antimicrobial activity; biofilm inhibition; chlorhexidine; virulence gene expression |
| Substance Nomenclature: | R4KO0DY52L (Chlorhexidine) 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents) GVN71CAL3G (alexidine) MOR84MUD8E (chlorhexidine gluconate) 0 (Biguanides) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260715 Date Completed: 20260715 Latest Revision: 20260813 |
| Update Code: | 20260814 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13369289 |
| DOI: | 10.1002/mbo3.70360 |
| PMID: | 42449561 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
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