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Mechanisms of far-red light action in phototrophic organisms: phytochrome-dependent and phytochrome-independent effects.

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Τίτλος: Mechanisms of far-red light action in phototrophic organisms: phytochrome-dependent and phytochrome-independent effects.
Συγγραφείς: Pashkovskiy P; K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia. Electronic address: pashkovskiy.pavel@gmail.com., Khudyakova A; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, 142290, Russia. Electronic address: s_t_i_m_a_@mail.ru., Kreslavski V; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, 142290, Russia. Electronic address: vkreslav@rambler.ru.
Πηγή: Journal of plant physiology [J Plant Physiol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 324, pp. 154837. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 03.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Urban & Fischer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9882059 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1618-1328 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01761617 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Plant Physiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Jena, Germany : Urban & Fischer
Original Publication: Stuttgart ; New York : G. Fischer, c1984-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Phytochrome*/metabolism , Phototrophic Processes*/radiation effects, Photosynthesis/radiation effects ; Red Light ; Signal Transduction ; Light
Περίληψη: Far-red light (FRL) is increasingly recognized as a regulatory component of plant lighting rather than a marginal spectral region outside conventional photosynthetically active radiation. FRL affects phototrophic organisms through two interconnected mechanisms: rapid photochemical effects on photosystem excitation balance and slower phytochrome-dependent signalling responses. When combined with shorter-wavelength radiation, FRL can improve the PSI/PSII excitation balance, electron transport, and whole-plant light capture. FRL alters morphogenesis, hormone signalling, pigment accumulation, carbon allocation, secondary metabolism, and stress responses through phytochrome- and cryptochrome-associated pathways. However, FRL effects are highly context dependent and vary with spectral composition, red-to-FRL ratio, blue-light proportion, irradiation intensity, exposure duration, species, developmental stage, and stress conditions. This review integrates direct photochemical responses with phytochrome-mediated regulation and distinguishes short-term photosynthetic effects from long-term acclimation. It also emphasizes phytochrome mutant-based evidence, state-transition regulation, and photosystem-stoichiometry adjustment as mechanisms that help separate direct spectral effects from phytochrome-dependent acclimation. Particular attention is given to FRL interactions with blue light, growth-stress trade-offs, and responses in higher plants, liverworts, and microalgae. The available evidence indicates that FRL can increase productivity under optimized spectral regimes but may also induce excessive elongation, reduce the chlorophyll content, or redistribute assimilates without increasing the final biomass. Understanding the balance between photochemical and signalling-mediated effects is essential for both basic photobiology and the rational design of artificial lighting systems.
(Copyright © 2026 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors Pavel Pashkovskiy, Alexandra Khudyakova, and Vladimir Kreslavski declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in the article “Mechanisms of Far-red Light Action in Phototrophic Organisms: Phytochrome-Dependent and Phytochrome-Independent Effects”. All the authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to Journal of Plant Physiology. All the authors listed have contributed significantly to the work and agree to be on the author list. We confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published in another journal. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Cryptochrome; Far-red light; Light signalling; Photomorphogenesis; Photosynthesis; Phototrophic organisms; Phytochrome; red light
Substance Nomenclature: 11121-56-5 (Phytochrome)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260708 Date Completed: 20260729 Latest Revision: 20260729
Update Code: 20260730
DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2026.154837
PMID: 42419136
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Mechanisms of far-red light action in phototrophic organisms: phytochrome-dependent and phytochrome-independent effects.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pashkovskiy+P%22">Pashkovskiy P</searchLink>; K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya Street 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia. Electronic address: pashkovskiy.pavel@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khudyakova+A%22">Khudyakova A</searchLink>; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, 142290, Russia. Electronic address: s_t_i_m_a_@mail.ru.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kreslavski+V%22">Kreslavski V</searchLink>; Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya Street 2, Pushchino, 142290, Russia. Electronic address: vkreslav@rambler.ru.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229882059%22">Journal of plant physiology</searchLink> [J Plant Physiol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 324, pp. 154837. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 03.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Urban+%26+Fischer%22">Urban & Fischer </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Germany <i>NLM ID: </i>9882059 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1618-1328 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2201761617%22">01761617 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Plant Physiol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: Jena, Germany : Urban & Fischer<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Stuttgart ; New York : G. Fischer, c1984-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phytochrome%22">Phytochrome*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phytochrome+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phototrophic+Processes%22">Phototrophic Processes*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Phototrophic+Processes+radiation+effects%22">radiation effects</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Photosynthesis%22">Photosynthesis</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Photosynthesis+radiation+effects%22">radiation effects</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Red+Light%22">Red Light</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Transduction%22">Signal Transduction</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Light%22">Light</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Far-red light (FRL) is increasingly recognized as a regulatory component of plant lighting rather than a marginal spectral region outside conventional photosynthetically active radiation. FRL affects phototrophic organisms through two interconnected mechanisms: rapid photochemical effects on photosystem excitation balance and slower phytochrome-dependent signalling responses. When combined with shorter-wavelength radiation, FRL can improve the PSI/PSII excitation balance, electron transport, and whole-plant light capture. FRL alters morphogenesis, hormone signalling, pigment accumulation, carbon allocation, secondary metabolism, and stress responses through phytochrome- and cryptochrome-associated pathways. However, FRL effects are highly context dependent and vary with spectral composition, red-to-FRL ratio, blue-light proportion, irradiation intensity, exposure duration, species, developmental stage, and stress conditions. This review integrates direct photochemical responses with phytochrome-mediated regulation and distinguishes short-term photosynthetic effects from long-term acclimation. It also emphasizes phytochrome mutant-based evidence, state-transition regulation, and photosystem-stoichiometry adjustment as mechanisms that help separate direct spectral effects from phytochrome-dependent acclimation. Particular attention is given to FRL interactions with blue light, growth-stress trade-offs, and responses in higher plants, liverworts, and microalgae. The available evidence indicates that FRL can increase productivity under optimized spectral regimes but may also induce excessive elongation, reduce the chlorophyll content, or redistribute assimilates without increasing the final biomass. Understanding the balance between photochemical and signalling-mediated effects is essential for both basic photobiology and the rational design of artificial lighting systems.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors Pavel Pashkovskiy, Alexandra Khudyakova, and Vladimir Kreslavski declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in the article “Mechanisms of Far-red Light Action in Phototrophic Organisms: Phytochrome-Dependent and Phytochrome-Independent Effects”. All the authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission to Journal of Plant Physiology. All the authors listed have contributed significantly to the work and agree to be on the author list. We confirm that neither the manuscript nor any parts of its content are currently under consideration or published in another journal. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication. The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Cryptochrome; Far-red light; Light signalling; Photomorphogenesis; Photosynthesis; Phototrophic organisms; Phytochrome; red light
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