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Effects of different potassium sulfate to potassium chloride ratios on lettuce growth, nutritional quality, and rhizosphere microbial community.

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Τίτλος: Effects of different potassium sulfate to potassium chloride ratios on lettuce growth, nutritional quality, and rhizosphere microbial community.
Συγγραφείς: Fu K; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China., Sun Y; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China. sunyucui1228@163.com., Yang D; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China., Li Y; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China., Li H; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China., Jiang W; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China., Ji X; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.
Πηγή: BMC plant biology [BMC Plant Biol] 2026 Jul 04; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 04.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967807 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2229 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712229 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Plant Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Lactuca*/growth & development , Lactuca*/microbiology , Lactuca*/drug effects , Sulfates*/metabolism , Sulfates*/pharmacology , Chlorides*/metabolism , Chlorides*/pharmacology , Potassium Compounds*/metabolism , Potassium Compounds*/pharmacology , Microbiota*/drug effects , Rhizosphere* , Soil Microbiology*, Fertilizers/analysis ; Soil/chemistry ; Nutritive Value
Περίληψη: Background: Potassium fertilizers differ in their accompanying anions, which may alter crop performance and rhizosphere processes beyond potassium nutrition alone. This study examined how contrasting sulfate-chloride proportions in potassium supply affect Italian lettuce growth, nutritional quality, soil chemical status, and microbial community organization under equivalent total nutrient input.
Results: Potassium source composition produced distinct responses across plant, soil, and microbial traits. A mixed sulfate-chloride supply provided the most balanced improvement in biomass formation, root development, and quality-related metabolism, whereas sulfate-only fertilization favored selected nitrogen-assimilation and protein-related indicators. Shifts in anion supply modified soil sulfur, chloride, salinity, and nitrate-related conditions, thereby creating differentiated edaphic niches. Bacterial and fungal assemblages responded unevenly to these changes: bacterial communities showed stronger treatment-specific turnover and a greater prevalence of transient specialists, while fungal communities contained more persistent and broadly distributed taxa. Multivariate and network analyses further indicated that nutrient availability, salinity-related factors, and selected keystone genera jointly shaped community structure and potential functional stability.
Conclusions: The sulfate-chloride balance in potassium fertilization acts as an integrated regulator of lettuce productivity, produce quality, soil nutrient status, and rhizosphere microbial assembly. Optimizing this balance can improve fertilizer management while supporting crop performance and soil ecological functioning.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: Plant Cell. 2005 Apr;17(4):1167-79. (PMID: 15772287)
Analyst. 2003 Jan;128(1):88-97. (PMID: 12572810)
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2011 Dec;49(12):1399-409. (PMID: 22078377)
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023 Mar;196:1002-1018. (PMID: 36898213)
New Phytol. 2025 Oct;248(1):211-230. (PMID: 40702784)
Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 19;25(1):. (PMID: 38203189)
Mitochondrion. 2020 Jul;53:158-165. (PMID: 32485334)
Biology (Basel). 2023 Jun 28;12(7):. (PMID: 37508359)
Nat Commun. 2022 Dec 19;13(1):7822. (PMID: 36535933)
New Phytol. 2020 Jul;227(2):334-342. (PMID: 32170958)
Plant Soil. 2017;411(1):319-332. (PMID: 32269390)
Plants (Basel). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):. (PMID: 36840232)
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 20;831:154876. (PMID: 35358518)
J Exp Bot. 2026 Mar 05;:. (PMID: 41783933)
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;263(Pt 2):130441. (PMID: 38417760)
J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Jan 4;20(1):15. (PMID: 34983547)
Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2024 Nov;44(7):1350-1366. (PMID: 38163756)
Plant Sci. 2022 Dec;325:111487. (PMID: 36209939)
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2024 Nov;216:109116. (PMID: 39260263)
Plant Cell Environ. 2024 Aug;47(8):2749-2765. (PMID: 38111217)
Front Plant Sci. 2025 Jun 26;16:1618600. (PMID: 40641869)
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Oct 20;896:165147. (PMID: 37392879)
Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2023 Dec;29(12):2051-2065. (PMID: 38222283)
Plants (Basel). 2023 May 19;12(10):. (PMID: 37653950)
Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023 Sep;202:107970. (PMID: 37625254)
Anal Biochem. 2015 Jul 1;480:28-30. (PMID: 25837770)
Plant Cell Physiol. 2026 Apr 15;:. (PMID: 41983570)
Grant Information: 202505AS350008 The Yunnan Provincial High-level Science and Technology Talent and Innovation Team Selection Project - Team Program; Not publicly available This study was funded by Agricultural Science and Technology Major Project; YTHRD202500480 The Scientific Research Project of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Chloride ion; Lettuce; Microbial community; Potassium fertilizer; Sulfate ion
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Sulfates)
1K573LC5TV (potassium sulfate)
0 (Fertilizers)
0 (Chlorides)
0 (Potassium Compounds)
0 (Soil)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260703 Date Completed: 20260829 Latest Revision: 20260831
Update Code: 20260831
PubMed Central ID: PMC13525693
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-09433-6
PMID: 42399745
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Group: Ti
  Data: Effects of different potassium sulfate to potassium chloride ratios on lettuce growth, nutritional quality, and rhizosphere microbial community.
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fu+K%22">Fu K</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Sun+Y%22">Sun Y</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China. sunyucui1228@163.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yang+D%22">Yang D</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+Y%22">Li Y</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+H%22">Li H</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jiang+W%22">Jiang W</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ji+X%22">Ji X</searchLink>; Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd Research Institute, Kunming, 650228, China.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22100967807%22">BMC plant biology</searchLink> [BMC Plant Biol] 2026 Jul 04; Vol. 26 (1). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jul 04.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22BioMed+Central%22">BioMed Central </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>100967807 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1471-2229 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2214712229%22">14712229 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>BMC Plant Biol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca%22">Lactuca*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca+growth+%26+development%22">growth & development</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca%22">Lactuca*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca%22">Lactuca*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Lactuca+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sulfates%22">Sulfates*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sulfates+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sulfates%22">Sulfates*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sulfates+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorides%22">Chlorides*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorides+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorides%22">Chlorides*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Chlorides+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds%22">Potassium Compounds*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds%22">Potassium Compounds*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Potassium+Compounds+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Microbiota%22">Microbiota*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Microbiota+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhizosphere%22">Rhizosphere*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Soil+Microbiology%22">Soil Microbiology*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Fertilizers%22">Fertilizers</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Fertilizers+analysis%22">analysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Soil%22">Soil</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Soil+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Nutritive+Value%22">Nutritive Value</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Potassium fertilizers differ in their accompanying anions, which may alter crop performance and rhizosphere processes beyond potassium nutrition alone. This study examined how contrasting sulfate-chloride proportions in potassium supply affect Italian lettuce growth, nutritional quality, soil chemical status, and microbial community organization under equivalent total nutrient input.<br />Results: Potassium source composition produced distinct responses across plant, soil, and microbial traits. A mixed sulfate-chloride supply provided the most balanced improvement in biomass formation, root development, and quality-related metabolism, whereas sulfate-only fertilization favored selected nitrogen-assimilation and protein-related indicators. Shifts in anion supply modified soil sulfur, chloride, salinity, and nitrate-related conditions, thereby creating differentiated edaphic niches. Bacterial and fungal assemblages responded unevenly to these changes: bacterial communities showed stronger treatment-specific turnover and a greater prevalence of transient specialists, while fungal communities contained more persistent and broadly distributed taxa. Multivariate and network analyses further indicated that nutrient availability, salinity-related factors, and selected keystone genera jointly shaped community structure and potential functional stability.<br />Conclusions: The sulfate-chloride balance in potassium fertilization acts as an integrated regulator of lettuce productivity, produce quality, soil nutrient status, and rhizosphere microbial assembly. Optimizing this balance can improve fertilizer management while supporting crop performance and soil ecological functioning.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Plant Cell. 2005 Apr;17(4):1167-79. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215772287%22">15772287)</searchLink><br />Analyst. 2003 Jan;128(1):88-97. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212572810%22">12572810)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol Biochem. 2011 Dec;49(12):1399-409. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222078377%22">22078377)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023 Mar;196:1002-1018. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236898213%22">36898213)</searchLink><br />New Phytol. 2025 Oct;248(1):211-230. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240702784%22">40702784)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Dec 19;25(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238203189%22">38203189)</searchLink><br />Mitochondrion. 2020 Jul;53:158-165. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232485334%22">32485334)</searchLink><br />Biology (Basel). 2023 Jun 28;12(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237508359%22">37508359)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2022 Dec 19;13(1):7822. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236535933%22">36535933)</searchLink><br />New Phytol. 2020 Jul;227(2):334-342. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232170958%22">32170958)</searchLink><br />Plant Soil. 2017;411(1):319-332. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232269390%22">32269390)</searchLink><br />Plants (Basel). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236840232%22">36840232)</searchLink><br />Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jul 20;831:154876. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235358518%22">35358518)</searchLink><br />J Exp Bot. 2026 Mar 05;:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241783933%22">41783933)</searchLink><br />Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;263(Pt 2):130441. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238417760%22">38417760)</searchLink><br />J Nanobiotechnology. 2022 Jan 4;20(1):15. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234983547%22">34983547)</searchLink><br />Crit Rev Biotechnol. 2024 Nov;44(7):1350-1366. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238163756%22">38163756)</searchLink><br />Plant Sci. 2022 Dec;325:111487. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236209939%22">36209939)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol Biochem. 2024 Nov;216:109116. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239260263%22">39260263)</searchLink><br />Plant Cell Environ. 2024 Aug;47(8):2749-2765. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238111217%22">38111217)</searchLink><br />Front Plant Sci. 2025 Jun 26;16:1618600. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240641869%22">40641869)</searchLink><br />Sci Total Environ. 2023 Oct 20;896:165147. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237392879%22">37392879)</searchLink><br />Physiol Mol Biol Plants. 2023 Dec;29(12):2051-2065. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238222283%22">38222283)</searchLink><br />Plants (Basel). 2023 May 19;12(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237653950%22">37653950)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023 Sep;202:107970. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237625254%22">37625254)</searchLink><br />Anal Biochem. 2015 Jul 1;480:28-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225837770%22">25837770)</searchLink><br />Plant Cell Physiol. 2026 Apr 15;:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241983570%22">41983570)</searchLink>
– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: 202505AS350008 The Yunnan Provincial High-level Science and Technology Talent and Innovation Team Selection Project - Team Program; Not publicly available This study was funded by Agricultural Science and Technology Major Project; YTHRD202500480 The Scientific Research Project of Yunnan Yuntianhua Co., Ltd.
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Chloride ion; Lettuce; Microbial community; Potassium fertilizer; Sulfate ion
– Name: NumberCAS
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  Data: 0 (Sulfates)<br />1K573LC5TV (potassium sulfate)<br />0 (Fertilizers)<br />0 (Chlorides)<br />0 (Potassium Compounds)<br />0 (Soil)
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  Data: 10.1186/s12870-026-09433-6
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PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42399745
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    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Fertilizers analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Soil chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nutritive Value
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lactuca growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lactuca microbiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lactuca drug effects
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      – SubjectFull: Sulfates metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sulfates pharmacology
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      – SubjectFull: Chlorides metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chlorides pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Potassium Compounds metabolism
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              Text: 2026 Jul 04
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