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The uncertain self: Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association of both positive and disorganized schizotypal traits with self-concept clarity in a non-clinical sample.

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Τίτλος: The uncertain self: Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association of both positive and disorganized schizotypal traits with self-concept clarity in a non-clinical sample.
Συγγραφείς: Kaszás A; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary., Kéri S; Sztárai Institute, Sárospatak College, University of Tokaj, Sárospatak, Hungary.; Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Bencze D; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Szőllősi Á; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Vass Á; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary., Racsmány M; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary., Polner B; Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary.; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Πηγή: PloS one [PLoS One] 2026 Jul 02; Vol. 21 (7), pp. e0352650. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jul 02 (Print Publication: 2026).
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101285081 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1932-6203 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19326203 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS One Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Schizotypal Personality Disorder*/diagnosis , Schizotypal Personality Disorder*/psychology , Uncertainty* , Self Concept*, Surveys and Questionnaires/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Self Report ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Aged
Περίληψη: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, and schizotypal traits, with a focus on whether intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association between self-concept clarity and positive schizotypy in a non-clinical context. A sample of 315 adults (on average 43 (SD = 12) years, 247 women) completed the Self-Concept Clarity Scale, the Intolerance of Uncertainty scale, and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised. Lower self-concept clarity was significantly associated with higher levels of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy, as well as with greater inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty. Importantly, a moderation analysis revealed that intolerance of uncertainty significantly altered the strength of the negative relationship between self-concept clarity and both positive and disorganized schizotypy. Specifically, this association was strongest among individuals with low levels of intolerance of uncertainty. In contrast, at higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty, the negative relationship between self-concept clarity and both positive and disorganized schizotypy was weaker. This pattern suggests that, among individuals with lower tolerance for uncertainty, a better-defined self-concept is more strongly associated with lower levels of positive and disorganized schizotypy. These results underscore the importance of considering both self-structure and uncertainty tolerance in models of schizotypy and psychosis risk. Our findings suggest that self-concept clarity and intolerance of uncertainty are interrelated cognitive factors that synergistically explain variance in schizotypal traits. As intolerance of uncertainty is a potentially modifiable cognitive process, the results have implications for early interventions aimed at reducing psychosis risk by improving self-concept clarity and tolerance for uncertainty. Although the study used a non-clinical sample, it supports a dimensional approach to psychosis and highlights key targets for future research.
(Copyright: © 2026 Kaszás et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
References: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009 Nov;197(11):841-9. (PMID: 19996723)
Assessment. 2021 Jan;28(1):141-152. (PMID: 31955588)
Psychiatry Res. 2018 Sep;267:289-295. (PMID: 29945071)
J Abnorm Psychol. 1966 Aug;71(4):275-9. (PMID: 5941046)
Psychiatr Hung. 2018;33(3):205-221. (PMID: 30426928)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Mar;37(3):317-27. (PMID: 23313650)
Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2017 May;22(3):186-212. (PMID: 28288547)
J Pers Disord. 2010 Aug;24(4):516-37. (PMID: 20695810)
Schizophr Bull. 2014 Mar;40 Suppl 2:S107-16. (PMID: 24375459)
Behav Res Ther. 2002 Aug;40(8):931-45. (PMID: 12186356)
Br J Clin Psychol. 2016 Nov;55(4):387-400. (PMID: 26996274)
Front Psychiatry. 2014 Feb 21;5:18. (PMID: 24600411)
Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Aug;31(6):923-33. (PMID: 21664339)
Cogn Behav Ther. 2016 Jun;45(4):307-23. (PMID: 27113431)
J Anxiety Disord. 2016 Jun;41:5-21. (PMID: 27067453)
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021 Jun;271(4):635-645. (PMID: 31646383)
Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41 Suppl 2:S366-73. (PMID: 25548387)
Psychol Assess. 2015 Jun;27(2):605-20. (PMID: 25602690)
J Psychol. 2025;159(2):92-110. (PMID: 39013006)
J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016 Feb;204(2):142-7. (PMID: 26669980)
Schizophr Res. 2006 Feb 28;82(2-3):203-11. (PMID: 16417985)
Br J Clin Psychol. 2025 Jun;64(2):344-354. (PMID: 39438423)
Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41 Suppl 2:S408-16. (PMID: 25810055)
J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(1):105-17. (PMID: 16647833)
Psychol Psychother. 2025 Dec;98(4):960-973. (PMID: 40457519)
Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 May;16(5):285-91. (PMID: 22516239)
J Pers. 2010 Oct;78(5):1383-410. (PMID: 20663028)
Psychiatry Res. 2015 Aug 30;228(3):626-32. (PMID: 26099655)
Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;156(12):1938-43. (PMID: 10588408)
J Youth Adolesc. 2014 Nov;43(11):1861-76. (PMID: 24272819)
Behav Res Methods. 2020 Feb;52(1):376-387. (PMID: 30937847)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260702 Date Completed: 20260728 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260814
PubMed Central ID: PMC13327182
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0352650
PMID: 42391165
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The uncertain self: Intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association of both positive and disorganized schizotypal traits with self-concept clarity in a non-clinical sample.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kaszás+A%22">Kaszás A</searchLink>; Department of Cognitive Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kéri+S%22">Kéri S</searchLink>; Sztárai Institute, Sárospatak College, University of Tokaj, Sárospatak, Hungary.; Department of Physiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bencze+D%22">Bencze D</searchLink>; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Szőllősi+Á%22">Szőllősi Á</searchLink>; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Vass+Á%22">Vass Á</searchLink>; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Racsmány+M%22">Racsmány M</searchLink>; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.; Institute of Psychology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Polner+B%22">Polner B</searchLink>; Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, ELTE, Budapest, Hungary.; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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  Data: Our objective was to investigate the relationship between self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, and schizotypal traits, with a focus on whether intolerance of uncertainty moderates the association between self-concept clarity and positive schizotypy in a non-clinical context. A sample of 315 adults (on average 43 (SD = 12) years, 247 women) completed the Self-Concept Clarity Scale, the Intolerance of Uncertainty scale, and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire - Brief Revised. Lower self-concept clarity was significantly associated with higher levels of positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy, as well as with greater inhibitory intolerance of uncertainty. Importantly, a moderation analysis revealed that intolerance of uncertainty significantly altered the strength of the negative relationship between self-concept clarity and both positive and disorganized schizotypy. Specifically, this association was strongest among individuals with low levels of intolerance of uncertainty. In contrast, at higher levels of intolerance of uncertainty, the negative relationship between self-concept clarity and both positive and disorganized schizotypy was weaker. This pattern suggests that, among individuals with lower tolerance for uncertainty, a better-defined self-concept is more strongly associated with lower levels of positive and disorganized schizotypy. These results underscore the importance of considering both self-structure and uncertainty tolerance in models of schizotypy and psychosis risk. Our findings suggest that self-concept clarity and intolerance of uncertainty are interrelated cognitive factors that synergistically explain variance in schizotypal traits. As intolerance of uncertainty is a potentially modifiable cognitive process, the results have implications for early interventions aimed at reducing psychosis risk by improving self-concept clarity and tolerance for uncertainty. Although the study used a non-clinical sample, it supports a dimensional approach to psychosis and highlights key targets for future research.<br /> (Copyright: © 2026 Kaszás et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
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  Data: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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  Data: J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009 Nov;197(11):841-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219996723%22">19996723)</searchLink><br />Assessment. 2021 Jan;28(1):141-152. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231955588%22">31955588)</searchLink><br />Psychiatry Res. 2018 Sep;267:289-295. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229945071%22">29945071)</searchLink><br />J Abnorm Psychol. 1966 Aug;71(4):275-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%225941046%22">5941046)</searchLink><br />Psychiatr Hung. 2018;33(3):205-221. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230426928%22">30426928)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Mar;37(3):317-27. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223313650%22">23313650)</searchLink><br />Cogn Neuropsychiatry. 2017 May;22(3):186-212. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228288547%22">28288547)</searchLink><br />J Pers Disord. 2010 Aug;24(4):516-37. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220695810%22">20695810)</searchLink><br />Schizophr Bull. 2014 Mar;40 Suppl 2:S107-16. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224375459%22">24375459)</searchLink><br />Behav Res Ther. 2002 Aug;40(8):931-45. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212186356%22">12186356)</searchLink><br />Br J Clin Psychol. 2016 Nov;55(4):387-400. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226996274%22">26996274)</searchLink><br />Front Psychiatry. 2014 Feb 21;5:18. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224600411%22">24600411)</searchLink><br />Clin Psychol Rev. 2011 Aug;31(6):923-33. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221664339%22">21664339)</searchLink><br />Cogn Behav Ther. 2016 Jun;45(4):307-23. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227113431%22">27113431)</searchLink><br />J Anxiety Disord. 2016 Jun;41:5-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227067453%22">27067453)</searchLink><br />Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2021 Jun;271(4):635-645. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231646383%22">31646383)</searchLink><br />Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41 Suppl 2:S366-73. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225548387%22">25548387)</searchLink><br />Psychol Assess. 2015 Jun;27(2):605-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225602690%22">25602690)</searchLink><br />J Psychol. 2025;159(2):92-110. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239013006%22">39013006)</searchLink><br />J Nerv Ment Dis. 2016 Feb;204(2):142-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226669980%22">26669980)</searchLink><br />Schizophr Res. 2006 Feb 28;82(2-3):203-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216417985%22">16417985)</searchLink><br />Br J Clin Psychol. 2025 Jun;64(2):344-354. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239438423%22">39438423)</searchLink><br />Schizophr Bull. 2015 Mar;41 Suppl 2:S408-16. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225810055%22">25810055)</searchLink><br />J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(1):105-17. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216647833%22">16647833)</searchLink><br />Psychol Psychother. 2025 Dec;98(4):960-973. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240457519%22">40457519)</searchLink><br />Trends Cogn Sci. 2012 May;16(5):285-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222516239%22">22516239)</searchLink><br />J Pers. 2010 Oct;78(5):1383-410. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220663028%22">20663028)</searchLink><br />Psychiatry Res. 2015 Aug 30;228(3):626-32. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226099655%22">26099655)</searchLink><br />Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;156(12):1938-43. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210588408%22">10588408)</searchLink><br />J Youth Adolesc. 2014 Nov;43(11):1861-76. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224272819%22">24272819)</searchLink><br />Behav Res Methods. 2020 Feb;52(1):376-387. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230937847%22">30937847)</searchLink>
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