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Complete sequencing of medaka genomes reveals the architecture of centromeric satellites, giant mobile elements, and sex chromosomes.

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Title: Complete sequencing of medaka genomes reveals the architecture of centromeric satellites, giant mobile elements, and sex chromosomes.
Authors: Suzuki Y; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan., Ichikawa K; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan., Inoue Y; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan., Owa C; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan., Kobayashi H; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan., Morikami K; Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan., Nakamura R; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan., Ikeda T; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.; Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan., Fujie M; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan., Kawamitsu M; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan., Arakaki N; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan., Myers EW; Algorithms for Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan., Aburatani H; Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan., Takehana Y; Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga 526-0829, Japan., Matsuda M; Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan., Naruse K; Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Aichi 444-8585, Japan., Kuraku S; Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan., Takeda H; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; takeda_h@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp moris@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.; Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan., Morishita S; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; takeda_h@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp moris@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
Source: Genome research [Genome Res] 2026 Aug 03; Vol. 36 (8), pp. 1696-1707. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Aug 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 9518021 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1549-5469 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10889051 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Genome Res Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, c1995-
MeSH Terms: Oryzias*/genetics , Centromere*/genetics , Sex Chromosomes*/genetics , DNA, Satellite*/genetics , Genome* , Interspersed Repetitive Sequences*, Animals ; Male ; Female
Abstract: Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a small freshwater teleost widely used as a vertebrate model organism. Existing medaka reference genomes, however, contain many gaps and unresolved repetitive regions, hindering precise genome annotation and comparative analyses. Here we present one complete and two near-complete genome assemblies for three inbred medaka strains derived from geographically distant populations. These assemblies provide a comprehensive view of highly repetitive sequences and chromosome-scale genome architecture in medaka. The fully resolved centromeres reveal an intriguing sequence organization characterized by short, distinct SF1+3 satellite arrays flanked by larger homogenized repeats. These short arrays are putatively hypomethylated and conserved across all acrocentric chromosomes, suggesting a functional role in centromere stability. The reconstructed 121 copies of the giant mobile element Teratorn retain complete genes of both a transposon and a herpesvirus, highlighting its unique persistence and impact on host genomes. Moreover, our assemblies reveal extensive structural divergence of medaka Y Chromosomes, yet identify a small (∼24 kb) conserved region encompassing Dmy that may suffice for male determination. Collectively, these (near-)complete medaka genomes provide a powerful resource for exploring the biology of uncharacterized repetitive regions and the molecular basis of phenotypic diversity in vertebrates.
(© 2026 Suzuki et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)
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Zoolog Sci. 2003 Oct;20(10):1279-91. (PMID: 14569151)
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Cell. 2006 Mar 10;124(5):901-14. (PMID: 16530039)
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Genome Biol. 2020 Jul 19;21(1):177. (PMID: 32684159)
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (DNA, Satellite)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260701 Date Completed: 20260803 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260814
PubMed Central ID: PMC13431155
DOI: 10.1101/gr.281813.125
PMID: 42386528
Database: MEDLINE
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PubType: Academic Journal
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  Data: Complete sequencing of medaka genomes reveals the architecture of centromeric satellites, giant mobile elements, and sex chromosomes.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Suzuki+Y%22">Suzuki Y</searchLink>; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ichikawa+K%22">Ichikawa K</searchLink>; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Inoue+Y%22">Inoue Y</searchLink>; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Owa+C%22">Owa C</searchLink>; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kobayashi+H%22">Kobayashi H</searchLink>; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Morikami+K%22">Morikami K</searchLink>; Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nakamura+R%22">Nakamura R</searchLink>; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ikeda+T%22">Ikeda T</searchLink>; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.; Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fujie+M%22">Fujie M</searchLink>; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kawamitsu+M%22">Kawamitsu M</searchLink>; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Arakaki+N%22">Arakaki N</searchLink>; Sequencing Section, Core Facilities, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Myers+EW%22">Myers EW</searchLink>; Algorithms for Ecological and Evolutionary Genomics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Aburatani+H%22">Aburatani H</searchLink>; Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Takehana+Y%22">Takehana Y</searchLink>; Faculty of Bio-Science, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga 526-0829, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Matsuda+M%22">Matsuda M</searchLink>; Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Naruse+K%22">Naruse K</searchLink>; Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Aichi 444-8585, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kuraku+S%22">Kuraku S</searchLink>; Department of Genomics and Evolutionary Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.; Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Takeda+H%22">Takeda H</searchLink>; Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; takeda_h@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp moris@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.; Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.; Institute for Protein Dynamics, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Morishita+S%22">Morishita S</searchLink>; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-8561, Japan; takeda_h@cc.kyoto-su.ac.jp moris@edu.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229518021%22">Genome research</searchLink> [Genome Res] 2026 Aug 03; Vol. 36 (8), pp. 1696-1707. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Aug 03.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%22">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>9518021 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1549-5469 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2210889051%22">10889051 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Genome Res <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Medaka (Oryzias latipes) is a small freshwater teleost widely used as a vertebrate model organism. Existing medaka reference genomes, however, contain many gaps and unresolved repetitive regions, hindering precise genome annotation and comparative analyses. Here we present one complete and two near-complete genome assemblies for three inbred medaka strains derived from geographically distant populations. These assemblies provide a comprehensive view of highly repetitive sequences and chromosome-scale genome architecture in medaka. The fully resolved centromeres reveal an intriguing sequence organization characterized by short, distinct SF1+3 satellite arrays flanked by larger homogenized repeats. These short arrays are putatively hypomethylated and conserved across all acrocentric chromosomes, suggesting a functional role in centromere stability. The reconstructed 121 copies of the giant mobile element Teratorn retain complete genes of both a transposon and a herpesvirus, highlighting its unique persistence and impact on host genomes. Moreover, our assemblies reveal extensive structural divergence of medaka Y Chromosomes, yet identify a small (∼24 kb) conserved region encompassing Dmy that may suffice for male determination. Collectively, these (near-)complete medaka genomes provide a powerful resource for exploring the biology of uncharacterized repetitive regions and the molecular basis of phenotypic diversity in vertebrates.<br /> (© 2026 Suzuki et al.; Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260814
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13431155
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1101/gr.281813.125
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42386528
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42386528
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1101/gr.281813.125
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 1696
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Oryzias genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Centromere genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex Chromosomes genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA, Satellite genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genome
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interspersed Repetitive Sequences
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Complete sequencing of medaka genomes reveals the architecture of centromeric satellites, giant mobile elements, and sex chromosomes.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Suzuki Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ichikawa K
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Inoue Y
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Owa C
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kobayashi H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Morikami K
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Nakamura R
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Ikeda T
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Fujie M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kawamitsu M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Arakaki N
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Myers EW
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Aburatani H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Takehana Y
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Matsuda M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Naruse K
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kuraku S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Takeda H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Morishita S
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 03
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 03
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1549-5469
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 36
            – Type: issue
              Value: 8
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Genome research
              Type: main
ResultId 1