Academic Journal
Development of a Reliable and Valid DSM-5-Based ADHD Self-Report Scale for 8- and 9-Year-Old Children.
| Title: | Development of a Reliable and Valid DSM-5-Based ADHD Self-Report Scale for 8- and 9-Year-Old Children. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Ercan ES; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey., Tahıllıoğlu A; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir Bakırçay University, İzmir, Turkey. tahillioglua@gmail.com., Türkiş FC; Department of Biostatistics, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey., Yüzügüldü O; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Muğla Education and Research Hospital, Muğla, Turkey., Olcay RK; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Baris Psychiatry Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus. |
| Source: | Research on child and adolescent psychopathology [Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol] 2026 Jun 30; Vol. 54 (4). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 30. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Springer US Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101773609 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2730-7174 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 27307166 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: [New York] : Springer US, [2021]- |
| MeSH Terms: | Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*/diagnosis , Self Report*/standards , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*/standards , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*, Humans ; Child ; Female ; Reproducibility of Results ; Male ; Psychometrics |
| Abstract: | We examined the validity and reliability of the DSM-5-Based Childhood ADHD Self Report Scale (DSM-5-CASRS), a self-report questionnaire developed to assess Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in elementary school children. Two-hundred twelve elementary school second-grade children (130 children with ADHD and 82 non-ADHD) derived from an epidemiological sample completed our scale. Parents completed Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale. Children completed the DSM-5-CASRS. We also applied a semi-structured psychiatric interview to all the participants and their parents. The DSM-5-CASRS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (McDonald's ω = 0.92) and strong item-total correlations (0.51 - 0.74). Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a two-factor structure aligning with DSM-5 symptom domains. The scale showed significant and moderate positive correlations with parent-reported ADHD symptoms (r = .44, p < .001), supporting its convergent validity. Machine learning classification using a Random Forest model yielded high sensitivity (89.7%) and moderate specificity (62.5%), suggesting the scale effectively identifies ADHD cases. Findings indicate that 8- and 9-year-old children can reliably report their ADHD symptoms, challenging previous assumptions regarding young children's self-awareness. The DSM-5-CASRS fills a critical gap in ADHD assessment by providing a structured and developmentally appropriate self-report tool. Future research should expand validation across different age groups and cultural contexts while exploring alternative response formats to enhance usability. (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethical Approval: Ethics committee approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Board of Ege University, Turkey. Consent to Participate: The participants and their parents were informed of the study and written inform consents were obtained from them. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: ADHD; Assessment; Rating scales; School-age children; Self-report |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260630 Date Completed: 20260630 Latest Revision: 20260630 |
| Update Code: | 20260630 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s10802-026-01482-7 |
| PMID: | 42377656 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Development of a Reliable and Valid DSM-5-Based ADHD Self-Report Scale for 8- and 9-Year-Old Children. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ercan+ES%22">Ercan ES</searchLink>; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tahıllıoğlu+A%22">Tahıllıoğlu A</searchLink>; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, İzmir Bakırçay University, İzmir, Turkey. tahillioglua@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Türkiş+FC%22">Türkiş FC</searchLink>; Department of Biostatistics, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yüzügüldü+O%22">Yüzügüldü O</searchLink>; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Muğla Education and Research Hospital, Muğla, Turkey.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Olcay+RK%22">Olcay RK</searchLink>; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Baris Psychiatry Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101773609%22">Research on child and adolescent psychopathology</searchLink> [Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol] 2026 Jun 30; Vol. 54 (4). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 30. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer+US%22">Springer US </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>101773609 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>2730-7174 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2227307166%22">27307166 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: [New York] : Springer US, [2021]- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Attention+Deficit+Disorder+with+Hyperactivity%22">Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Attention+Deficit+Disorder+with+Hyperactivity+diagnosis%22">diagnosis</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Self+Report%22">Self Report*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Self+Report+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychiatric+Status+Rating+Scales%22">Psychiatric Status Rating Scales*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychiatric+Status+Rating+Scales+standards%22">standards</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders%22">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Child%22">Child</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reproducibility+of+Results%22">Reproducibility of Results</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Psychometrics%22">Psychometrics</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: We examined the validity and reliability of the DSM-5-Based Childhood ADHD Self Report Scale (DSM-5-CASRS), a self-report questionnaire developed to assess Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms in elementary school children. Two-hundred twelve elementary school second-grade children (130 children with ADHD and 82 non-ADHD) derived from an epidemiological sample completed our scale. Parents completed Turgay DSM-IV Disruptive Behavior Disorders Rating Scale. Children completed the DSM-5-CASRS. We also applied a semi-structured psychiatric interview to all the participants and their parents. The DSM-5-CASRS demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency (McDonald's ω = 0.92) and strong item-total correlations (0.51 - 0.74). Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed a two-factor structure aligning with DSM-5 symptom domains. The scale showed significant and moderate positive correlations with parent-reported ADHD symptoms (r = .44, p &lt; .001), supporting its convergent validity. Machine learning classification using a Random Forest model yielded high sensitivity (89.7%) and moderate specificity (62.5%), suggesting the scale effectively identifies ADHD cases. Findings indicate that 8- and 9-year-old children can reliably report their ADHD symptoms, challenging previous assumptions regarding young children's self-awareness. The DSM-5-CASRS fills a critical gap in ADHD assessment by providing a structured and developmentally appropriate self-report tool. Future research should expand validation across different age groups and cultural contexts while exploring alternative response formats to enhance usability.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declarations. Ethical Approval: Ethics committee approval for this study was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Board of Ege University, Turkey. Consent to Participate: The participants and their parents were informed of the study and written inform consents were obtained from them. Conflict of Interest: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric.<br />Arnett, A. B., Pennington, B. F., Friend, A., Willcutt, E. G., Byrne, B., Samuelsson, S., & Olson, R. K. (2013). The SWAN captures variance at the negative and positive ends of the ADHD symptom dimension. Journal of Attention Disorders, 17(2), 152–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711427399. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1177%2F108705471142739922173148%22">10.1177/108705471142739922173148)</searchLink><br />Barber, S., Grubbs, L., & Cottrell, B. (2005). Self-perception in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 20(4), 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2005.02.012. 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Trends in the parent-report of health care provider-diagnosed and medicated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: United States, 2003–2011. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 34–46e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.001. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Ejaac%2E2013%2E09%2E00124342384%22">10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.00124342384)</searchLink> – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>ADHD; Assessment; Rating scales; School-age children; Self-report – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260630 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260630 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260630 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260630 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1007/s10802-026-01482-7 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42377656 |
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