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Experimental Rat Peripheral Nerve Models: Surgical Exposures and Applications.

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Τίτλος: Experimental Rat Peripheral Nerve Models: Surgical Exposures and Applications.
Συγγραφείς: Gutama B; Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN., King D, Zhang F, Lineaweaver W, Karagoz H
Πηγή: Annals of plastic surgery [Ann Plast Surg] 2026 Sep 01; Vol. 97 (3S), pp. S331-S337. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 29.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Little, Brown And Company Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7805336 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1536-3708 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01487043 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ann Plast Surg Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Boston Ma : Little, Brown And Company
Original Publication: Boston, Little, Brown.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Nerve Regeneration*/physiology , Peripheral Nerves*/surgery , Peripheral Nerves*/physiology , Peripheral Nerve Injuries*/surgery , Neurosurgical Procedures*/methods , Models, Animal*, Dissection/methods ; Animals ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Disease Models, Animal
Περίληψη: Background: A significant knowledge gap persists in understanding the mechanisms driving peripheral nerve regeneration and improving postoperative recovery. Rat models serve as essential tools for investigating peripheral nerve injury or repair due to their affordability, resilience, and functional similarity to humans. This study provides a comprehensive overview of surgical dissection details and the application of rat peripheral nerve models.
Materials and Methods: Under approval from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, dissections of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerves were performed in 2 Sprague-Dawley rats. Standardized techniques were documented for median, ulnar, radial, musculocutaneous, intercostal, femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, common peroneal, sural, and pudendal nerves.
Results: All peripheral nerves were successfully identified and exposed. Functional correlations and applications were summarized for each model, including regeneration, neuropathic pain, motor recovery, and nerve grafting. The sciatic nerve remains the most established model, while the median and ulnar nerves offer reliable forelimb motor assessments with a lower risk of self-mutilation.
Conclusions: This comprehensive review defines dissection techniques, applications, and comparative advantages of rat peripheral nerve models. These standardized methods aim to guide model selection and strengthen translational research in peripheral nerve regeneration and repair.
(Copyright © 2026 Wolters Kluwer Health, LLC. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.
References: Vela FJ, Martínez-Chacón G, Ballestín A, et al. Animal models used to study direct peripheral nerve repair: a systematic review. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15:491–502.
Nemani S, Chaker S, Ismail H, et al. Polyethylene glycol-mediated axonal fusion promotes early sensory recovery after digital nerve injury: a randomized clinical trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;154:1247–1256.
Gutama B, Popa NK, Byers V, et al. Peripheral nerve transfers: core principles and workhorse techniques. Ann Plast Surg. 2025;94(6S):S555–S558.
Casal D, Mota-Silva E, Iria I, et al. Functional and physiological methods of evaluating median nerve regeneration in the rat. J Vis Exp 2020:59767​.
Bertelli JA, Taleb M, Saadi A, et al. The rat brachial plexus and its terminal branches: an experimental model for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration. Microsurgery. 1995;16:77–85.
Sinis N, Kraus A, Drakotos D, et al. Bioartificial reconstruction of peripheral nerves using the rat median nerve model. Ann Anat. 2011;193:341–346.
Ronchi G, Morano M, Fregnan F, et al. The median nerve injury model in pre-clinical research - a critical review on benefits and limitations. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:288.
Galtrey CM, Fawcett JW. Characterization of tests of functional recovery after median and ulnar nerve injury and repair in the rat forelimb. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2007;12:11–27.
Adcock KS, Hulsey DR, Danaphongse T, et al. Radial nerve injury causes long-lasting forelimb sensory impairment and motor dysfunction in rats. Pain Rep. 2021;6:e957.
Papalia I, Tos P, Scevola A, et al. The ulnar test: a method for the quantitative functional assessment of posttraumatic ulnar nerve recovery in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 2006;154:198–203.
Bergmeister KD, Aman M, Riedl O, et al. Experimental nerve transfer model in the rat forelimb. Eur Surg. 2016;48:334–341.
Yi H, Kim MA, Back SK, et al. A novel rat forelimb model of neuropathic pain produced by partial injury of the median and ulnar nerves. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:459–466.
Inciong JG, Marrocco WC, Terzis JK. Efficacy of intervention strategies in a brachial plexus global avulsion model in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:2059–2071.
Konofaos P, Burns J, Terzis JK. Effect of low-dose FK506 after contralateral C7 transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve: a study in rats. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2010;26:225–233.
Wakatsuki H, Shibata M, Matsuda K, et al. Development of a mouse nerve-transfer model for brachial plexus injury. Biomed Res. 2019;40:115–123.
Sanapanich K, Morrison WA, Messina A. Physiologic and morphologic aspects of nerve regeneration after end-to-end or end-to-side coaptation in a rat model of brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:133–142.
Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Kerns JM, et al. Characterization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1453–1460.
Nara T, Saito S, Obata H, et al. A rat model of postthoracotomy pain: behavioural and spinal cord NK-1 receptor assessment. Can J Anaesth. 2001;48:665–676.
Ustüner T, Ho PR, Zhang F, et al. Rat intercostal nerves as experimental nerve grafts. Microsurgery. 1996;17:128–130.
Irintchev A. Potentials and limitations of peripheral nerve injury models in rodents with particular reference to the femoral nerve. Ann Anat. 2011;193:276–285.
Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, et al. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience. 2014;280:73–87.
Brushart TM. Preferential reinnervation of motor nerves by regenerating motor axons. J Neurosci. 1988;8:1026–1031.
Robinson GA, Madison RD. Developmentally regulated changes in femoral nerve regeneration in the mouse and rat. Exp Neurol. 2006;197:341–346.
Dautel G, Braga da Silva J, Merle M. Pedicled or free flap transfer of the gracilis muscle in rats. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1991;7:23–25.
Oswald TM, Zhang F, Lei MP, et al. Muscle flap mass preservation with end-to-side neurorrhaphy: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004;20:483–488.
Meng D, Zhou J, Lin Y, et al. Transfer of obturator nerve for femoral nerve injury: an experiment study in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018;160:1385–1391.
Chu TH, Alzahrani S, McConnachie A, et al. Perineurial window is critical for experimental reverse end-to-side nerve transfer. Neurosurgery. 2023;93:952–960.
de Medinaceli L, Freed WJ, Wyatt RJ. An index of the functional condition of rat sciatic nerve based on measurements made from walking tracks. Exp Neurol. 1982;77:634–643.
Damaser MS, Samplaski MK, Parikh M, et al. Time course of neuroanatomical and functional recovery after bilateral pudendal nerve injury in female rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;293:F1614–F1621.
Amniattalab A, Mohammadi R. Functional, histopathological and immunohistichemical assessments of cyclosporine a on sciatic nerve regeneration using allografts: a rat sciatic nerve model. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2017;5:152–159.
Hu J, Tu Y, Ding Z, et al. Alteration of sciatic nerve histology and electrical function after compression and after neurolysis in a diabetic rat model. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;81:682–687.
Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y. A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain. 1990;43:205–218.
Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 1988;33:87–107.
Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2000;87:149–158.
Bain JR, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA. Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerve lesions in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:129–138.
Kemp SW, Alant J, Walsh SK, et al. Behavioural and anatomical analysis of selective tibial nerve branch transfer to the deep peroneal nerve in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2010;31:1074–1090.
Bhatt NK, Mejias C, Kallogjeri D, et al. Potassium titanyl phosphate laser welding following complete nerve transection. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1525–1530.
Peng CW, Chen JJ, Chang HY, et al. External urethral sphincter activity in a rat model of pudendal nerve injury. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25:388–396.
Kerns JM, Damaser MS, Kane JM, et al. Effects of pudendal nerve injury in the female rat. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19:53–69.
Hokanson JA, Langdale CL, Sridhar A, et al. Stimulation of the sensory pudendal nerve increases bladder capacity in the rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;314:F543–F550.
Karagoz H, Zhang F, Chaker SC, et al. Experimental cranial nerve models in the rat. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2025;41:133–143.
Carr MM, Best TJ, Mackinnon SE, et al. Strain differences in autotomy in rats undergoing sciatic nerve transection or repair. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;28:538–544.
Varejão AS, Meek MF, Ferreira AJ, et al. Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat: walking track analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2001;108:1–9.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: nerve models; peripheral nerve injuries; rat peripheral nerve model
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260629 Date Completed: 20260811 Latest Revision: 20260829
Update Code: 20260829
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000004810
PMID: 42372203
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Experimental Rat Peripheral Nerve Models: Surgical Exposures and Applications.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gutama+B%22">Gutama B</searchLink>; Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22King+D%22">King D</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhang+F%22">Zhang F</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lineaweaver+W%22">Lineaweaver W</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Karagoz+H%22">Karagoz H</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227805336%22">Annals of plastic surgery</searchLink> [Ann Plast Surg] 2026 Sep 01; Vol. 97 (3S), pp. S331-S337. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 29.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Little%2C+Brown+And+Company%22">Little, Brown And Company </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>7805336 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1536-3708 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2201487043%22">01487043 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Ann Plast Surg <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Regeneration%22">Nerve Regeneration*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Nerve+Regeneration+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerves%22">Peripheral Nerves*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerves+surgery%22">surgery</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerves%22">Peripheral Nerves*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerves+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerve+Injuries%22">Peripheral Nerve Injuries*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Peripheral+Nerve+Injuries+surgery%22">surgery</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Neurosurgical+Procedures%22">Neurosurgical Procedures*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Neurosurgical+Procedures+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Models%2C+Animal%22">Models, Animal*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Dissection%22">Dissection</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Dissection+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Rats%22">Rats</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Rats%2C+Sprague-Dawley%22">Rats, Sprague-Dawley</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22">Disease Models, Animal</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: A significant knowledge gap persists in understanding the mechanisms driving peripheral nerve regeneration and improving postoperative recovery. Rat models serve as essential tools for investigating peripheral nerve injury or repair due to their affordability, resilience, and functional similarity to humans. This study provides a comprehensive overview of surgical dissection details and the application of rat peripheral nerve models.<br />Materials and Methods: Under approval from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, dissections of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerves were performed in 2 Sprague-Dawley rats. Standardized techniques were documented for median, ulnar, radial, musculocutaneous, intercostal, femoral, obturator, sciatic, tibial, common peroneal, sural, and pudendal nerves.<br />Results: All peripheral nerves were successfully identified and exposed. Functional correlations and applications were summarized for each model, including regeneration, neuropathic pain, motor recovery, and nerve grafting. The sciatic nerve remains the most established model, while the median and ulnar nerves offer reliable forelimb motor assessments with a lower risk of self-mutilation.<br />Conclusions: This comprehensive review defines dissection techniques, applications, and comparative advantages of rat peripheral nerve models. These standardized methods aim to guide model selection and strengthen translational research in peripheral nerve regeneration and repair.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Wolters Kluwer Health, LLC. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Vela FJ, Martínez-Chacón G, Ballestín A, et al. Animal models used to study direct peripheral nerve repair: a systematic review. Neural Regen Res. 2020;15:491–502.<br />Nemani S, Chaker S, Ismail H, et al. Polyethylene glycol-mediated axonal fusion promotes early sensory recovery after digital nerve injury: a randomized clinical trial. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2024;154:1247–1256.<br />Gutama B, Popa NK, Byers V, et al. Peripheral nerve transfers: core principles and workhorse techniques. Ann Plast Surg. 2025;94(6S):S555–S558.<br />Casal D, Mota-Silva E, Iria I, et al. Functional and physiological methods of evaluating median nerve regeneration in the rat. J Vis Exp 2020:59767​.<br />Bertelli JA, Taleb M, Saadi A, et al. The rat brachial plexus and its terminal branches: an experimental model for the study of peripheral nerve regeneration. Microsurgery. 1995;16:77–85.<br />Sinis N, Kraus A, Drakotos D, et al. Bioartificial reconstruction of peripheral nerves using the rat median nerve model. Ann Anat. 2011;193:341–346.<br />Ronchi G, Morano M, Fregnan F, et al. The median nerve injury model in pre-clinical research - a critical review on benefits and limitations. Front Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:288.<br />Galtrey CM, Fawcett JW. Characterization of tests of functional recovery after median and ulnar nerve injury and repair in the rat forelimb. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2007;12:11–27.<br />Adcock KS, Hulsey DR, Danaphongse T, et al. Radial nerve injury causes long-lasting forelimb sensory impairment and motor dysfunction in rats. Pain Rep. 2021;6:e957.<br />Papalia I, Tos P, Scevola A, et al. The ulnar test: a method for the quantitative functional assessment of posttraumatic ulnar nerve recovery in the rat. J Neurosci Methods. 2006;154:198–203.<br />Bergmeister KD, Aman M, Riedl O, et al. Experimental nerve transfer model in the rat forelimb. Eur Surg. 2016;48:334–341.<br />Yi H, Kim MA, Back SK, et al. A novel rat forelimb model of neuropathic pain produced by partial injury of the median and ulnar nerves. Eur J Pain. 2011;15:459–466.<br />Inciong JG, Marrocco WC, Terzis JK. Efficacy of intervention strategies in a brachial plexus global avulsion model in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:2059–2071.<br />Konofaos P, Burns J, Terzis JK. Effect of low-dose FK506 after contralateral C7 transfer to the musculocutaneous nerve: a study in rats. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2010;26:225–233.<br />Wakatsuki H, Shibata M, Matsuda K, et al. Development of a mouse nerve-transfer model for brachial plexus injury. Biomed Res. 2019;40:115–123.<br />Sanapanich K, Morrison WA, Messina A. Physiologic and morphologic aspects of nerve regeneration after end-to-end or end-to-side coaptation in a rat model of brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27:133–142.<br />Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Kerns JM, et al. Characterization of a new animal model for evaluation of persistent postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:1453–1460.<br />Nara T, Saito S, Obata H, et al. A rat model of postthoracotomy pain: behavioural and spinal cord NK-1 receptor assessment. Can J Anaesth. 2001;48:665–676.<br />Ustüner T, Ho PR, Zhang F, et al. Rat intercostal nerves as experimental nerve grafts. Microsurgery. 1996;17:128–130.<br />Irintchev A. Potentials and limitations of peripheral nerve injury models in rodents with particular reference to the femoral nerve. Ann Anat. 2011;193:276–285.<br />Kruspe M, Thieme H, Guntinas-Lichius O, et al. Motoneuron regeneration accuracy and recovery of gait after femoral nerve injuries in rats. Neuroscience. 2014;280:73–87.<br />Brushart TM. Preferential reinnervation of motor nerves by regenerating motor axons. J Neurosci. 1988;8:1026–1031.<br />Robinson GA, Madison RD. Developmentally regulated changes in femoral nerve regeneration in the mouse and rat. Exp Neurol. 2006;197:341–346.<br />Dautel G, Braga da Silva J, Merle M. Pedicled or free flap transfer of the gracilis muscle in rats. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1991;7:23–25.<br />Oswald TM, Zhang F, Lei MP, et al. Muscle flap mass preservation with end-to-side neurorrhaphy: an experimental study. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2004;20:483–488.<br />Meng D, Zhou J, Lin Y, et al. Transfer of obturator nerve for femoral nerve injury: an experiment study in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2018;160:1385–1391.<br />Chu TH, Alzahrani S, McConnachie A, et al. Perineurial window is critical for experimental reverse end-to-side nerve transfer. Neurosurgery. 2023;93:952–960.<br />de Medinaceli L, Freed WJ, Wyatt RJ. An index of the functional condition of rat sciatic nerve based on measurements made from walking tracks. Exp Neurol. 1982;77:634–643.<br />Damaser MS, Samplaski MK, Parikh M, et al. Time course of neuroanatomical and functional recovery after bilateral pudendal nerve injury in female rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2007;293:F1614–F1621.<br />Amniattalab A, Mohammadi R. Functional, histopathological and immunohistichemical assessments of cyclosporine a on sciatic nerve regeneration using allografts: a rat sciatic nerve model. Bull Emerg Trauma. 2017;5:152–159.<br />Hu J, Tu Y, Ding Z, et al. Alteration of sciatic nerve histology and electrical function after compression and after neurolysis in a diabetic rat model. Ann Plast Surg. 2018;81:682–687.<br />Seltzer Z, Dubner R, Shir Y. A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain. 1990;43:205–218.<br />Bennett GJ, Xie YK. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain. 1988;33:87–107.<br />Decosterd I, Woolf CJ. Spared nerve injury: an animal model of persistent peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain. 2000;87:149–158.<br />Bain JR, Mackinnon SE, Hunter DA. Functional evaluation of complete sciatic, peroneal, and posterior tibial nerve lesions in the rat. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;83:129–138.<br />Kemp SW, Alant J, Walsh SK, et al. Behavioural and anatomical analysis of selective tibial nerve branch transfer to the deep peroneal nerve in the rat. Eur J Neurosci. 2010;31:1074–1090.<br />Bhatt NK, Mejias C, Kallogjeri D, et al. Potassium titanyl phosphate laser welding following complete nerve transection. Laryngoscope. 2017;127:1525–1530.<br />Peng CW, Chen JJ, Chang HY, et al. External urethral sphincter activity in a rat model of pudendal nerve injury. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25:388–396.<br />Kerns JM, Damaser MS, Kane JM, et al. Effects of pudendal nerve injury in the female rat. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19:53–69.<br />Hokanson JA, Langdale CL, Sridhar A, et al. Stimulation of the sensory pudendal nerve increases bladder capacity in the rat. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2018;314:F543–F550.<br />Karagoz H, Zhang F, Chaker SC, et al. Experimental cranial nerve models in the rat. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2025;41:133–143.<br />Carr MM, Best TJ, Mackinnon SE, et al. Strain differences in autotomy in rats undergoing sciatic nerve transection or repair. Ann Plast Surg. 1992;28:538–544.<br />Varejão AS, Meek MF, Ferreira AJ, et al. Functional evaluation of peripheral nerve regeneration in the rat: walking track analysis. J Neurosci Methods. 2001;108:1–9.
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>nerve models; peripheral nerve injuries; rat peripheral nerve model
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260629 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260811 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260829
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      – SubjectFull: Dissection methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rats
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      – SubjectFull: Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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      – SubjectFull: Disease Models, Animal
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      – SubjectFull: Nerve Regeneration physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peripheral Nerves surgery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peripheral Nerves physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Peripheral Nerve Injuries surgery
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neurosurgical Procedures methods
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      – SubjectFull: Models, Animal
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      – TitleFull: Experimental Rat Peripheral Nerve Models: Surgical Exposures and Applications.
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              Text: 2026 Sep 01
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            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1536-3708
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 97
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3S
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Annals of plastic surgery
              Type: main
ResultId 1