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Effect of 12-week dynamic stretching of hamstrings on joint flexibility and musculoskeletal properties.

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Τίτλος: Effect of 12-week dynamic stretching of hamstrings on joint flexibility and musculoskeletal properties.
Συγγραφείς: Ikeda N; Institute for General Education, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan. n-ikeda3@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.; Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan. n-ikeda3@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp., Hiratsuka K; Faculty of Human Health Sciences , Hachinohe Gakuin University, Hachinohe, Japan., Inami T; Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan., Isaka T; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
Πηγή: European journal of applied physiology [Eur J Appl Physiol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 126 (9), pp. 4859-4865. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 29.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 100954790 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1439-6327 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14396319 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur J Appl Physiol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, c2000-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Hamstring Muscles*/physiology , Range of Motion, Articular*/physiology , Muscle Stretching Exercises*/physiology , Knee Joint*/physiology , Muscle Strength*/physiology, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Torque
Περίληψη: Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12‑week hamstrings dynamic stretching (DS) program on joint flexibility, muscle strength, and musculoskeletal properties in the stretched limb, with the non‑stretched limb assessed for comparison.
Methods: The study comprised 18 healthy young adults (12 males, 6 females) who performed hamstrings DS on one leg three times per week for 12 weeks, with the contralateral leg serving as the control. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included knee extension range of motion (KEROM), peak passive torque during KEROM (stretch tolerance), muscle stiffness, and knee flexor strength. Muscle stiffness was evaluated using shear-wave elastography targeting the biceps femoris (BF). Knee flexor strength was assessed using the rate of torque development (RTD) and isokinetic knee flexion torque.
Results: KEROM significantly increased in the DS condition (p = 0.025; d = 0.61), with no significant change in the control condition (p = 0.55; d = 0.15). Peak passive torque significantly increased following DS (p = 0.041; d = 0.68), with no change in the contralateral limb (p = 0.21; d = 0.21). BF stiffness significantly decreased in the DS condition and remained unchanged in the contralateral limb (70° knee flexion: DS, p < 0.01, d = 0.79; control, p = 0.30, d = 0.30; 50° knee flexion: DS, p = 0.044, d = 0.55; control, p = 0.18, d = 0.34. RTD and isokinetic knee flexion strength did not change significantly in either condition.
Conclusion: Twelve weeks of hamstrings DS enhanced stretch tolerance, reduced muscle stiffness, and improved joint flexibility in the stretched limb, with no notable changes observed in the contralateral limb.
Trial Registration: Name of trial registry Effects of training and conditioning methods on mechanical properties of skeletal muscle Identifying number (URL) UMIN000051819 ( https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr&#95;e/ctr&#95;view.cgi?recptno=R000058080 ) Date of registration 5th Aug 2023.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. None of the authors has any professional relationship with companies or manufacturers that could benefit from the results of this study. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee on Research of Ritsumeikan University (approval number: BKC-LSMH-2023-009).
References: J Biomech. 2022 Mar;133:110958. (PMID: 35078021)
J Anat. 2023 Aug;243(2):284-296. (PMID: 36914559)
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Jul 1;117(1):29-35. (PMID: 24812641)
PLoS One. 2015 Sep 29;10(9):e0139272. (PMID: 26418862)
BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 09;17(1):187. (PMID: 40635029)
J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Oct;93(4):1318-26. (PMID: 12235031)
Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):105-25. (PMID: 11928886)
Sports (Basel). 2024 May 28;12(6):. (PMID: 38921844)
J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Jul;34(7):2031-2039. (PMID: 30789583)
Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(1):19-27. (PMID: 24533491)
J Physiol. 1996 Nov 15;497 ( Pt 1):291-8. (PMID: 8951730)
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Jun;116(6):1091-116. (PMID: 26941023)
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Mar;39(3):494-501. (PMID: 17473776)
J Sport Health Sci. 2024 Mar;13(2):186-194. (PMID: 37301370)
Foot (Edinb). 2018 Mar;34:28-35. (PMID: 29223884)
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 Aug;119(8):1691-1700. (PMID: 31076891)
Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017 Jun;117(6):1217-1226. (PMID: 28391391)
J Sports Sci Med. 2025 Jun 01;24(2):326-331. (PMID: 40469861)
Sports Med. 2021 May;51(5):945-959. (PMID: 33459990)
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jan;41(1):1-11. (PMID: 26642915)
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Mar;28(3):794-806. (PMID: 28801950)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Elasticity and muscle; Elasticity imaging techniques; Muscle strength; Muscle stretching exercises; Range of motion; Stiffness
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260629 Date Completed: 20260904 Latest Revision: 20260906
Update Code: 20260906
PubMed Central ID: PMC13541896
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-026-06309-3
PMID: 42371069
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06309-3
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  Data: Effect of 12-week dynamic stretching of hamstrings on joint flexibility and musculoskeletal properties.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Ikeda+N%22&quot;&gt;Ikeda N&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Institute for General Education, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan. n-ikeda3@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.; Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan. n-ikeda3@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Hiratsuka+K%22&quot;&gt;Hiratsuka K&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Faculty of Human Health Sciences , Hachinohe Gakuin University, Hachinohe, Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Inami+T%22&quot;&gt;Inami T&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Institute of Physical Education, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Isaka+T%22&quot;&gt;Isaka T&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;JN&quot; term=&quot;%22100954790%22&quot;&gt;European journal of applied physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; [Eur J Appl Physiol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 126 (9), pp. 4859-4865. &lt;i&gt;Date of Electronic Publication: &lt;/i&gt;2026 Jun 29.
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Original Publication&lt;/i&gt;: Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag, c2000-
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Hamstring+Muscles%22&quot;&gt;Hamstring Muscles*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Hamstring+Muscles+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Range+of+Motion%2C+Articular%22&quot;&gt;Range of Motion, Articular*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Range+of+Motion%2C+Articular+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+Stretching+Exercises%22&quot;&gt;Muscle Stretching Exercises*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+Stretching+Exercises+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Knee+Joint%22&quot;&gt;Knee Joint*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Knee+Joint+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+Strength%22&quot;&gt;Muscle Strength*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Muscle+Strength+physiology%22&quot;&gt;physiology&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Humans%22&quot;&gt;Humans&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Female%22&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Male%22&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Adult%22&quot;&gt;Adult&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Young+Adult%22&quot;&gt;Young Adult&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Torque%22&quot;&gt;Torque&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Purpose: This study aimed to examine the effects of a 12‑week hamstrings dynamic stretching (DS) program on joint flexibility, muscle strength, and musculoskeletal properties in the stretched limb, with the non‑stretched limb assessed for comparison.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: The study comprised 18 healthy young adults (12 males, 6 females) who performed hamstrings DS on one leg three times per week for 12 weeks, with the contralateral leg serving as the control. Pre- and post-intervention assessments included knee extension range of motion (KEROM), peak passive torque during KEROM (stretch tolerance), muscle stiffness, and knee flexor strength. Muscle stiffness was evaluated using shear-wave elastography targeting the biceps femoris (BF). Knee flexor strength was assessed using the rate of torque development (RTD) and isokinetic knee flexion torque.&lt;br /&gt;Results: KEROM significantly increased in the DS condition (p = 0.025; d = 0.61), with no significant change in the control condition (p = 0.55; d = 0.15). Peak passive torque significantly increased following DS (p = 0.041; d = 0.68), with no change in the contralateral limb (p = 0.21; d = 0.21). BF stiffness significantly decreased in the DS condition and remained unchanged in the contralateral limb (70&#176; knee flexion: DS, p &amp;lt; 0.01, d = 0.79; control, p = 0.30, d = 0.30; 50&#176; knee flexion: DS, p = 0.044, d = 0.55; control, p = 0.18, d = 0.34. RTD and isokinetic knee flexion strength did not change significantly in either condition.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: Twelve weeks of hamstrings DS enhanced stretch tolerance, reduced muscle stiffness, and improved joint flexibility in the stretched limb, with no notable changes observed in the contralateral limb.&lt;br /&gt;Trial Registration: Name of trial registry Effects of training and conditioning methods on mechanical properties of skeletal muscle Identifying number (URL) UMIN000051819 ( https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr&amp;#95;e/ctr&amp;#95;view.cgi?recptno=R000058080 ) Date of registration 5th Aug 2023.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. None of the authors has any professional relationship with companies or manufacturers that could benefit from the results of this study. Ethical approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee on Research of Ritsumeikan University (approval number: BKC-LSMH-2023-009).
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Biomech. 2022 Mar;133:110958. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2235078021%22&quot;&gt;35078021)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Anat. 2023 Aug;243(2):284-296. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236914559%22&quot;&gt;36914559)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Jul 1;117(1):29-35. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224812641%22&quot;&gt;24812641)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS One. 2015 Sep 29;10(9):e0139272. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226418862%22&quot;&gt;26418862)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2025 Jul 09;17(1):187. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240635029%22&quot;&gt;40635029)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Appl Physiol (1985). 2002 Oct;93(4):1318-26. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2212235031%22&quot;&gt;12235031)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Methods. 2002 Mar;7(1):105-25. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2211928886%22&quot;&gt;11928886)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sports (Basel). 2024 May 28;12(6):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238921844%22&quot;&gt;38921844)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Strength Cond Res. 2020 Jul;34(7):2031-2039. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230789583%22&quot;&gt;30789583)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eur J Sport Sci. 2014;14(1):19-27. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224533491%22&quot;&gt;24533491)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Physiol. 1996 Nov 15;497 ( Pt 1):291-8. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%228951730%22&quot;&gt;8951730)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eur J Appl Physiol. 2016 Jun;116(6):1091-116. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226941023%22&quot;&gt;26941023)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Mar;39(3):494-501. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2217473776%22&quot;&gt;17473776)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Sport Health Sci. 2024 Mar;13(2):186-194. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237301370%22&quot;&gt;37301370)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Foot (Edinb). 2018 Mar;34:28-35. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229223884%22&quot;&gt;29223884)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019 Aug;119(8):1691-1700. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231076891%22&quot;&gt;31076891)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017 Jun;117(6):1217-1226. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2228391391%22&quot;&gt;28391391)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Sports Sci Med. 2025 Jun 01;24(2):326-331. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240469861%22&quot;&gt;40469861)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sports Med. 2021 May;51(5):945-959. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233459990%22&quot;&gt;33459990)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jan;41(1):1-11. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226642915%22&quot;&gt;26642915)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Mar;28(3):794-806. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2228801950%22&quot;&gt;28801950)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Elasticity and muscle; Elasticity imaging techniques; Muscle strength; Muscle stretching exercises; Range of motion; Stiffness
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 4859
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      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – SubjectFull: Female
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