Academic Journal
An update on the Tenebrio molitor immune system.
| Title: | An update on the Tenebrio molitor immune system. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Ramírez-Sotelo U; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico., Mora-Montes HM; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico. Electronic address: hmora@ugto.mx. |
| Source: | Journal of invertebrate pathology [J Invertebr Pathol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 218, pp. 108689. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 27. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Academic Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0014067 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1096-0805 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00222011 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Invertebr Pathol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Publication: New York, NY : Academic Press Original Publication: New York. |
| MeSH Terms: | Tenebrio*/immunology , Tenebrio*/microbiology , Immunity, Innate*, Hemocytes/immunology ; Animals ; Innate Immunity Recognition |
| Abstract: | Infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms represent a crucial challenge for the host's health and well-being, since they are a threat to its survival. During the species evolution, organisms developed a protective system against their microscopic disease-causing adversaries, which is a notable and highly valuable trait in the adaptation of living beings. The immune response is responsible for self- and non-self-recognition, an elemental step in establishing protective mechanisms. In invertebrates, innate immunity orchestrates the attack against pathogens. Insect immunity is composed of cellular responses mediated by hemocytes, as well as humoral effectors, which are soluble molecules with high antimicrobial potential. Notably, many of these components have a high degree of structural and functional similarity to mammalian immune effectors. Humoral effectors and hemocytes act synergistically for the recognition and control of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The activation of signaling pathways is the first step in pathogen recognition, and in insects, both the Toll and immune deficiency pathways are the main ones that trigger effector responses, including antimicrobial peptides, opsonins, lysozymes, and metalloproteinase inhibitors, among others. Here, we summarize the main findings on Tenebrio molitor immunity and highlight relevant gaps in current knowledge of this beetle's biology. (Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Inc.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Antimicrobial peptides; Fungus-insect interaction; Hemocyte; Innate immunity; Insect-bacteria interaction; Toll pathway |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260627 Date Completed: 20260717 Latest Revision: 20260717 |
| Update Code: | 20260718 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jip.2026.108689 |
| PMID: | 42364903 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: An update on the Tenebrio molitor immune system. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ramírez-Sotelo+U%22">Ramírez-Sotelo U</searchLink>; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mora-Montes+HM%22">Mora-Montes HM</searchLink>; Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico. Electronic address: hmora@ugto.mx. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%220014067%22">Journal of invertebrate pathology</searchLink> [J Invertebr Pathol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 218, pp. 108689. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 27. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Review – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Academic+Press%22">Academic Press </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>United States <i>NLM ID: </i>0014067 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1096-0805 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200222011%22">00222011 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Invertebr Pathol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Publication</i>: New York, NY : Academic Press<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: New York. – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tenebrio%22">Tenebrio*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tenebrio+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tenebrio%22">Tenebrio*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Tenebrio+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Immunity%2C+Innate%22">Immunity, Innate*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hemocytes%22">Hemocytes</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hemocytes+immunology%22">immunology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Innate+Immunity+Recognition%22">Innate Immunity Recognition</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms represent a crucial challenge for the host's health and well-being, since they are a threat to its survival. During the species evolution, organisms developed a protective system against their microscopic disease-causing adversaries, which is a notable and highly valuable trait in the adaptation of living beings. The immune response is responsible for self- and non-self-recognition, an elemental step in establishing protective mechanisms. In invertebrates, innate immunity orchestrates the attack against pathogens. Insect immunity is composed of cellular responses mediated by hemocytes, as well as humoral effectors, which are soluble molecules with high antimicrobial potential. Notably, many of these components have a high degree of structural and functional similarity to mammalian immune effectors. Humoral effectors and hemocytes act synergistically for the recognition and control of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. The activation of signaling pathways is the first step in pathogen recognition, and in insects, both the Toll and immune deficiency pathways are the main ones that trigger effector responses, including antimicrobial peptides, opsonins, lysozymes, and metalloproteinase inhibitors, among others. Here, we summarize the main findings on Tenebrio molitor immunity and highlight relevant gaps in current knowledge of this beetle's biology.<br /> (Copyright © 2026. Published by Elsevier Inc.) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Antimicrobial peptides; Fungus-insect interaction; Hemocyte; Innate immunity; Insect-bacteria interaction; Toll pathway – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260627 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260717 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260717 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260718 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1016/j.jip.2026.108689 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42364903 |
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| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1016/j.jip.2026.108689 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: 108689 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Hemocytes immunology Type: general – SubjectFull: Animals Type: general – SubjectFull: Innate Immunity Recognition Type: general – SubjectFull: Tenebrio immunology Type: general – SubjectFull: Tenebrio microbiology Type: general – SubjectFull: Immunity, Innate Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: An update on the Tenebrio molitor immune system. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Ramírez-Sotelo U – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Mora-Montes HM IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 09 Text: 2026 Sep Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1096-0805 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 218 Titles: – TitleFull: Journal of invertebrate pathology Type: main |
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