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Hydrothermal carbonization behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose in drilling fluids and its application for adsorption of heavy metals.

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Τίτλος: Hydrothermal carbonization behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose in drilling fluids and its application for adsorption of heavy metals.
Συγγραφείς: Chen H; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Yang L; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China. Electronic address: yangll@cup.edu.cn., Wang S; The Sixth Gas Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Branch of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Co., Ltd, Xian, Shanxi, 710016, China., Zhu L; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Huang S; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Long X; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Tian W; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China., Wang W; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Mei L; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Lu Y; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Zhou X; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Dong T; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China., Jiang G; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China. Electronic address: m15600263100_1@163.com.
Πηγή: International journal of biological macromolecules [Int J Biol Macromol] 2026 Oct; Vol. 377, pp. 153261. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 27.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7909578 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0003 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01418130 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Biol Macromol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Amsterdam : Elsevier
Original Publication: Guildford, Eng., IPC Science and Technology Press.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium*/chemistry , Metals, Heavy*/chemistry , Metals, Heavy*/isolation & purification , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/isolation & purification , Carbon*/chemistry, Acrylic Resins/chemistry ; Adsorption ; Temperature ; Polyacrylamides ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hot Temperature
Περίληψη: This study reinterprets the high-temperature degradation of bio-based drilling fluid additives as a constructive hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. We systematically investigate the downhole performance evolution and HTC behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with polyacrylamide (PAM) co-additives. Results show that pristine CMC undergoes complete carbonaceous transformation at 140 °C (16 h), 160 °C (8 h), and 180 °C (6 h), causing severe rheological collapse. Incorporating PAM derivatives elevates the HTC onset temperature by 20 °C, effectively preserving drilling fluid performance up to 160 °C. At 180 °C, formed submicron HTC particles act as pore-plugging agents, reducing fluid loss by 29-51% compared to pristine CMC. Furthermore, PAM derivatives tailor the HTC microstructures, yielding specific surface areas of 1.42-20.46 m2/g and introducing abundant amino/sulfonic coordination sites. The resulting waste-derived HTCs exhibit excellent efficacy for environmental remediation, with CMC/P(AM-AA) achieving a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 24.11 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 7.0 via synergistic chemisorption (which further upgraded to 26.73 mg/g at 80 °C). This work clarifies the thermal failure mechanism of bio-additives and provides a sustainable, circular economy strategy to upcycle waste drilling fluids into high-value adsorbents.
(Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Heavy metal adsorption; Hydrothermal carbonization; Waste drilling fluid
Substance Nomenclature: K679OBS311 (Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium)
0 (Metals, Heavy)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
0 (Acrylic Resins)
9003-05-8 (Polyacrylamides)
7440-44-0 (Carbon)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260627 Date Completed: 20260929 Latest Revision: 20260929
Update Code: 20260929
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153261
PMID: 42364745
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Hydrothermal carbonization behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose in drilling fluids and its application for adsorption of heavy metals.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+H%22">Chen H</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yang+L%22">Yang L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China. Electronic address: yangll@cup.edu.cn.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+S%22">Wang S</searchLink>; The Sixth Gas Production Plant of Changqing Oilfield Branch of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Co., Ltd, Xian, Shanxi, 710016, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhu+L%22">Zhu L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Huang+S%22">Huang S</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Long+X%22">Long X</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Tian+W%22">Tian W</searchLink>; Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+W%22">Wang W</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mei+L%22">Mei L</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lu+Y%22">Lu Y</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhou+X%22">Zhou X</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dong+T%22">Dong T</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jiang+G%22">Jiang G</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering, Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering, China University of Petroleum, National Engineering Research Center of Oil & Gas Drilling and Completion Technology, Beijing, 102249, China; Hainan Institute of China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Sanya, Hainan 572000, China. Electronic address: m15600263100_1@163.com.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227909578%22">International journal of biological macromolecules</searchLink> [Int J Biol Macromol] 2026 Oct; Vol. 377, pp. 153261. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 27.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Elsevier%22">Elsevier </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Netherlands <i>NLM ID: </i>7909578 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1879-0003 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2201418130%22">01418130 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Biol Macromol <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <i>Publication</i>: Amsterdam : Elsevier<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Guildford, Eng., IPC Science and Technology Press.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carboxymethylcellulose+Sodium%22">Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carboxymethylcellulose+Sodium+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22">Metals, Heavy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy%22">Metals, Heavy*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Metals%2C+Heavy+isolation+%26+purification%22">isolation & purification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical%22">Water Pollutants, Chemical*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical%22">Water Pollutants, Chemical*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Water+Pollutants%2C+Chemical+isolation+%26+purification%22">isolation & purification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carbon%22">Carbon*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Carbon+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Acrylic+Resins%22">Acrylic Resins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Acrylic+Resins+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adsorption%22">Adsorption</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Temperature%22">Temperature</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Polyacrylamides%22">Polyacrylamides</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hydrogen-Ion+Concentration%22">Hydrogen-Ion Concentration</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hot+Temperature%22">Hot Temperature</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: This study reinterprets the high-temperature degradation of bio-based drilling fluid additives as a constructive hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) process. We systematically investigate the downhole performance evolution and HTC behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with polyacrylamide (PAM) co-additives. Results show that pristine CMC undergoes complete carbonaceous transformation at 140 °C (16 h), 160 °C (8 h), and 180 °C (6 h), causing severe rheological collapse. Incorporating PAM derivatives elevates the HTC onset temperature by 20 °C, effectively preserving drilling fluid performance up to 160 °C. At 180 °C, formed submicron HTC particles act as pore-plugging agents, reducing fluid loss by 29-51% compared to pristine CMC. Furthermore, PAM derivatives tailor the HTC microstructures, yielding specific surface areas of 1.42-20.46 m<superscript>2</superscript>/g and introducing abundant amino/sulfonic coordination sites. The resulting waste-derived HTCs exhibit excellent efficacy for environmental remediation, with CMC/P(AM-AA) achieving a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 24.11 mg/g at 25 °C and pH 7.0 via synergistic chemisorption (which further upgraded to 26.73 mg/g at 80 °C). This work clarifies the thermal failure mechanism of bio-additives and provides a sustainable, circular economy strategy to upcycle waste drilling fluids into high-value adsorbents.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
– Name: SubjectMinor
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Heavy metal adsorption; Hydrothermal carbonization; Waste drilling fluid
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  Data: K679OBS311 (Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium)<br />0 (Metals, Heavy)<br />0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)<br />0 (Acrylic Resins)<br />9003-05-8 (Polyacrylamides)<br />7440-44-0 (Carbon)
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  Data: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153261
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        Value: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153261
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        StartPage: 153261
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Acrylic Resins chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adsorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Polyacrylamides
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hot Temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Metals, Heavy isolation & purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical isolation & purification
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      – SubjectFull: Carbon chemistry
        Type: general
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