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Correlation between microbial source tracking markers and pathogens at beaches and estuaries in southern California.

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Τίτλος: Correlation between microbial source tracking markers and pathogens at beaches and estuaries in southern California.
Συγγραφείς: Fani M; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA., Chang E; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA., Hernandez N; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA., Loflen C; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA., Woodward D; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA., Verbyla ME; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: mverbyla@sdsu.edu.
Πηγή: The Science of the total environment [Sci Total Environ] 2026 Sep 01; Vol. 1046, pp. 181970. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 26.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0330500 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1026 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00489697 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Total Environ Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Amsterdam, Elsevier.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Environmental Monitoring*/methods , Water Pollution*/statistics & numerical data , Water Pollution*/analysis , Water Microbiology* , Estuaries* , Bathing Beaches*, Feces/microbiology ; Feces/virology ; Tobamovirus/isolation & purification ; California ; Seasons ; Humans
Περίληψη: Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have historically been used to assess public health risks associated with contact water recreation, and microbial source tracking (MST) has been introduced to distinguish human-associated fecal pollution from natural sources of animal feces. While MST can identify human-associated fecal pollution, without interpretation it cannot differentiate between small amounts of fresh fecal contamination and large amounts of decayed pollution, which can present vastly different health risks. This study examined the ratio of HF183 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as an indicator of the age of fecal contamination. The correlation was also assessed between these two individual markers, the HF183:PMMoV ratio, and two enteric viruses, norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and human adenovirus (HAdV). A total of 364 samples were collected under varying weather conditions over two years at impacted and reference surface water sites in southern California, including estuaries and adjacent ocean locations. The mean concentrations of MST markers and enteric viruses were higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season, especially at the impacted sites. NoV GII showed seasonality with higher detections and concentrations during the rainy season, while HAdV did not show such seasonal trends. The HF183:PMMoV ratio demonstrated a stronger correlation with enteric viruses than either marker alone, but when seasonal and weather effects were factored out, the HF183:PMMoV ratio and PMMoV had a stronger relationship with the concentration of enteric viruses. The results of this study indicate that the HF183:PMMoV ratio is a more reliable indicator of human fecal pathogens than the two individual markers by themselves. SYNOPSIS: The HF183:PMMoV ratio is a reliable and robust indicator for recreational water quality.
(Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Maryam Fani reports financial support, administrative support, equipment, drugs, or supplies, and writing assistance were provided by California State Water Resources Control Board. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Fecal indicators; Fecal pollution; HF183; Microbial risk; PMMoV; Recreational water quality
SCR Organism: Pepper mild mottle virus
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260626 Date Completed: 20260902 Latest Revision: 20260902
Update Code: 20260903
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2026.181970
PMID: 42361389
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Correlation between microbial source tracking markers and pathogens at beaches and estuaries in southern California.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Fani+M%22">Fani M</searchLink>; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chang+E%22">Chang E</searchLink>; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hernandez+N%22">Hernandez N</searchLink>; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Loflen+C%22">Loflen C</searchLink>; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Woodward+D%22">Woodward D</searchLink>; San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Monitoring Assessment and Research Unit, San Diego, CA, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Verbyla+ME%22">Verbyla ME</searchLink>; Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: mverbyla@sdsu.edu.
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  Data: Fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have historically been used to assess public health risks associated with contact water recreation, and microbial source tracking (MST) has been introduced to distinguish human-associated fecal pollution from natural sources of animal feces. While MST can identify human-associated fecal pollution, without interpretation it cannot differentiate between small amounts of fresh fecal contamination and large amounts of decayed pollution, which can present vastly different health risks. This study examined the ratio of HF183 and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) as an indicator of the age of fecal contamination. The correlation was also assessed between these two individual markers, the HF183:PMMoV ratio, and two enteric viruses, norovirus genogroup II (NoV GII) and human adenovirus (HAdV). A total of 364 samples were collected under varying weather conditions over two years at impacted and reference surface water sites in southern California, including estuaries and adjacent ocean locations. The mean concentrations of MST markers and enteric viruses were higher during the rainy season compared to the dry season, especially at the impacted sites. NoV GII showed seasonality with higher detections and concentrations during the rainy season, while HAdV did not show such seasonal trends. The HF183:PMMoV ratio demonstrated a stronger correlation with enteric viruses than either marker alone, but when seasonal and weather effects were factored out, the HF183:PMMoV ratio and PMMoV had a stronger relationship with the concentration of enteric viruses. The results of this study indicate that the HF183:PMMoV ratio is a more reliable indicator of human fecal pathogens than the two individual markers by themselves. SYNOPSIS: The HF183:PMMoV ratio is a reliable and robust indicator for recreational water quality.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Maryam Fani reports financial support, administrative support, equipment, drugs, or supplies, and writing assistance were provided by California State Water Resources Control Board. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 181970
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      – TitleFull: Correlation between microbial source tracking markers and pathogens at beaches and estuaries in southern California.
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