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Predictive processing in time perception: Assessing prediction error minimization in the sub-second range.

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Τίτλος: Predictive processing in time perception: Assessing prediction error minimization in the sub-second range.
Συγγραφείς: Uraguchi M; Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. uraguchi.maki.w1@f.mail.nagoya-u.ac.jp., Ohira H; Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
Πηγή: Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience [Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci] 2026 Oct; Vol. 26 (5), pp. 2035-2056. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 24.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101083946 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-135X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15307026 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2011- : New York : Springer
Original Publication: Austin, TX : Psychonomic Society, c2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Time Perception*/physiology , Generalization, Psychological*/physiology, Humans ; Young Adult ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Time Factors
Περίληψη: The predictive processing theory proposes that minimization of prediction error is a governing principle of perception, learning, and behavior, yet few studies have directly tested this hypothesis in time perception. We operationalized prediction error minimization as updating of an internal temporal reference and examined whether reference updating follows the direction required to reduce systematic prediction error. Across two experiments, 60 university students (Experiment 1) and 359 adults from a broader age range (Experiment 2) performed a temporal generalization task. Reference updating was assessed from changes in distributional asymmetry and peak shifts of temporal generalization gradients. This dissociated reference updating from possible perceptual bias that would alter gradient steepness without shifting the peak. In Experiment 1, frequent presentation of longer or shorter durations produced expected directional shifts of the internal temporal reference. In Experiment 2, consistent directional shifts emerged only when prediction error was sufficiently large, whereas smaller prediction error failed to induce reliable shifts. Together, these findings demonstrate that internal temporal reference updating in sub-second range time perception depends on the direction and magnitude of prediction error, providing a direct behavioral test of the prediction error minimization hypothesis.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University (Approval No. NUPSY-190522-G-01; NUPSY-250127-G-01). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Informed consent was obtained from all participants regarding publishing their data. Open practices statements: Data or materials for the experiments are available upon request, and no experiments were preregistered.
References: Exp Brain Res. 2013 Sep;230(1):87-98. (PMID: 23864044)
Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016 Apr;8:200-206. (PMID: 27695705)
Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010 Apr;72(3):561-82. (PMID: 20348562)
Psychon Bull Rev. 2021 Aug;28(4):1183-1190. (PMID: 33661470)
PLoS Comput Biol. 2022 Jul 7;18(7):e1010223. (PMID: 35797365)
Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Jul;13(7):293-301. (PMID: 19559644)
Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):437-42. (PMID: 9176953)
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015 Jul;16(7):419-29. (PMID: 26016744)
Behav Processes. 1994 Nov;32(3):247-63. (PMID: 24896505)
Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):433-6. (PMID: 9176952)
Sci Rep. 2020 May 29;10(1):8767. (PMID: 32472083)
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2011 Aug;64(8):1646-64. (PMID: 21563017)
J Exp Psychol. 1958 Feb;55(2):150-5. (PMID: 13513928)
J Neurosci. 2012 Jan 18;32(3):1056-60. (PMID: 22262903)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 10;114(2):412-417. (PMID: 28007982)
Proc Biol Sci. 2012 Jul 22;279(1739):2754-60. (PMID: 22438499)
J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jul;94(1):395-9. (PMID: 15716368)
PLoS One. 2007 Sep 26;2(9):e943. (PMID: 17895984)
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017 Jan 1;12(1):1-23. (PMID: 27798257)
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):127-38. (PMID: 20068583)
Neuron. 2021 Sep 15;109(18):2995-3011.e5. (PMID: 34534456)
Nat Neurosci. 1999 Jan;2(1):79-87. (PMID: 10195184)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Apr 29;360(1456):815-36. (PMID: 15937014)
J Physiol Paris. 2006 Jul-Sep;100(1-3):70-87. (PMID: 17097864)
Perception. 2017 Aug;46(8):1000-1007. (PMID: 28084904)
Front Hum Neurosci. 2010 Dec 02;4:215. (PMID: 21160551)
Learn Behav. 2007 May;35(2):123-30. (PMID: 17688186)
J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1997 Oct;23(4):502-11. (PMID: 9335137)
Nature. 2004 Jan 15;427(6971):244-7. (PMID: 14724638)
PLoS One. 2010 Sep 10;5(9):. (PMID: 20844766)
J Cogn Neurosci. 2025 Sep 1;37(9):1562-1580. (PMID: 40136268)
Vision Res. 2000;40(17):2341-9. (PMID: 10927119)
Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020 Mar;1464(1):242-268. (PMID: 32147856)
Nat Neurosci. 2010 Aug;13(8):1020-6. (PMID: 20581842)
Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Jun;36(3):181-204. (PMID: 23663408)
Neural Comput. 2022 Jun 16;34(7):1501-1544. (PMID: 35671462)
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2014 Jul;5(4):429-446. (PMID: 25210578)
PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(11):e1002771. (PMID: 23209386)
Psych J. 2021 Oct;10(5):732-741. (PMID: 34028202)
Behav Neurosci. 2022 Oct;136(5):364-373. (PMID: 35737557)
Biol Cybern. 1987;57(3):169-85. (PMID: 3676355)
Vision Res. 2006 Jul;46(15):2456-64. (PMID: 16530243)
Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. (PMID: 19565683)
Grant Information: JPMJCR21P1 Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Prediction error minimization; Prediction updating; Predictive processing; Temporal generalization; Time perception
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260624 Date Completed: 20260926 Latest Revision: 20260928
Update Code: 20260928
PubMed Central ID: PMC13615093
DOI: 10.3758/s13415-026-01471-9
PMID: 42343041
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Uraguchi+M%22">Uraguchi M</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan. uraguchi.maki.w1@f.mail.nagoya-u.ac.jp.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ohira+H%22">Ohira H</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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  Data: The predictive processing theory proposes that minimization of prediction error is a governing principle of perception, learning, and behavior, yet few studies have directly tested this hypothesis in time perception. We operationalized prediction error minimization as updating of an internal temporal reference and examined whether reference updating follows the direction required to reduce systematic prediction error. Across two experiments, 60 university students (Experiment 1) and 359 adults from a broader age range (Experiment 2) performed a temporal generalization task. Reference updating was assessed from changes in distributional asymmetry and peak shifts of temporal generalization gradients. This dissociated reference updating from possible perceptual bias that would alter gradient steepness without shifting the peak. In Experiment 1, frequent presentation of longer or shorter durations produced expected directional shifts of the internal temporal reference. In Experiment 2, consistent directional shifts emerged only when prediction error was sufficiently large, whereas smaller prediction error failed to induce reliable shifts. Together, these findings demonstrate that internal temporal reference updating in sub-second range time perception depends on the direction and magnitude of prediction error, providing a direct behavioral test of the prediction error minimization hypothesis.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declarations. Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Ethics approval: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Nagoya University (Approval No. NUPSY-190522-G-01; NUPSY-250127-G-01). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study. Consent for publication: Informed consent was obtained from all participants regarding publishing their data. Open practices statements: Data or materials for the experiments are available upon request, and no experiments were preregistered.
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  Data: Exp Brain Res. 2013 Sep;230(1):87-98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223864044%22">23864044)</searchLink><br />Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2016 Apr;8:200-206. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227695705%22">27695705)</searchLink><br />Atten Percept Psychophys. 2010 Apr;72(3):561-82. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220348562%22">20348562)</searchLink><br />Psychon Bull Rev. 2021 Aug;28(4):1183-1190. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233661470%22">33661470)</searchLink><br />PLoS Comput Biol. 2022 Jul 7;18(7):e1010223. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235797365%22">35797365)</searchLink><br />Trends Cogn Sci. 2009 Jul;13(7):293-301. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219559644%22">19559644)</searchLink><br />Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):437-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229176953%22">9176953)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015 Jul;16(7):419-29. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226016744%22">26016744)</searchLink><br />Behav Processes. 1994 Nov;32(3):247-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224896505%22">24896505)</searchLink><br />Spat Vis. 1997;10(4):433-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229176952%22">9176952)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2020 May 29;10(1):8767. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232472083%22">32472083)</searchLink><br />Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2011 Aug;64(8):1646-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221563017%22">21563017)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol. 1958 Feb;55(2):150-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2213513928%22">13513928)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci. 2012 Jan 18;32(3):1056-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222262903%22">22262903)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jan 10;114(2):412-417. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228007982%22">28007982)</searchLink><br />Proc Biol Sci. 2012 Jul 22;279(1739):2754-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222438499%22">22438499)</searchLink><br />J Neurophysiol. 2005 Jul;94(1):395-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215716368%22">15716368)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2007 Sep 26;2(9):e943. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217895984%22">17895984)</searchLink><br />Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017 Jan 1;12(1):1-23. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227798257%22">27798257)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 Feb;11(2):127-38. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220068583%22">20068583)</searchLink><br />Neuron. 2021 Sep 15;109(18):2995-3011.e5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234534456%22">34534456)</searchLink><br />Nat Neurosci. 1999 Jan;2(1):79-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210195184%22">10195184)</searchLink><br />Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005 Apr 29;360(1456):815-36. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215937014%22">15937014)</searchLink><br />J Physiol Paris. 2006 Jul-Sep;100(1-3):70-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217097864%22">17097864)</searchLink><br />Perception. 2017 Aug;46(8):1000-1007. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228084904%22">28084904)</searchLink><br />Front Hum Neurosci. 2010 Dec 02;4:215. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221160551%22">21160551)</searchLink><br />Learn Behav. 2007 May;35(2):123-30. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217688186%22">17688186)</searchLink><br />J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process. 1997 Oct;23(4):502-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229335137%22">9335137)</searchLink><br />Nature. 2004 Jan 15;427(6971):244-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2214724638%22">14724638)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2010 Sep 10;5(9):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220844766%22">20844766)</searchLink><br />J Cogn Neurosci. 2025 Sep 1;37(9):1562-1580. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240136268%22">40136268)</searchLink><br />Vision Res. 2000;40(17):2341-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210927119%22">10927119)</searchLink><br />Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2020 Mar;1464(1):242-268. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232147856%22">32147856)</searchLink><br />Nat Neurosci. 2010 Aug;13(8):1020-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220581842%22">20581842)</searchLink><br />Behav Brain Sci. 2013 Jun;36(3):181-204. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223663408%22">23663408)</searchLink><br />Neural Comput. 2022 Jun 16;34(7):1501-1544. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235671462%22">35671462)</searchLink><br />Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2014 Jul;5(4):429-446. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225210578%22">25210578)</searchLink><br />PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8(11):e1002771. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223209386%22">23209386)</searchLink><br />Psych J. 2021 Oct;10(5):732-741. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234028202%22">34028202)</searchLink><br />Behav Neurosci. 2022 Oct;136(5):364-373. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235737557%22">35737557)</searchLink><br />Biol Cybern. 1987;57(3):169-85. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%223676355%22">3676355)</searchLink><br />Vision Res. 2006 Jul;46(15):2456-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216530243%22">16530243)</searchLink><br />Psychol Bull. 1992 Jul;112(1):155-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219565683%22">19565683)</searchLink>
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