Academic Journal
Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Fe, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles synthesized with sage (Salvia officinalis) extract on rainbow trout gonad cell line.
| Title: | Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Fe, Cu, and Ag nanoparticles synthesized with sage (Salvia officinalis) extract on rainbow trout gonad cell line. |
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| Authors: | Kırıcı M; Department of Veterinary Health, Food Agriculture and Livestock Vocational School, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye. Electronic address: mkirici@bingol.edu.tr., Erdoğan MK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Caf F; Department of Veterinary Health, Food Agriculture and Livestock Vocational School, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Gündoğdu R; Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Taysı MR; Faculty of Agriculture, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Kırıcı M; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Sökmen TÖ; Department of Veterinary, Çayırlı Vocational School, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, 24503, Erzincan, Türkiye., Kaya B; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Bingöl University, 12000, Bingöl, Türkiye., Toy Y; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, 38030, Kayseri, Türkiye. |
| Source: | Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands) [Aquat Toxicol] 2026 Sep; Vol. 298, pp. 107903. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 13. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 8500246 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-1514 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 0166445X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Aquat Toxicol Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, c1981- |
| MeSH Terms: | Apoptosis*/drug effects , Salvia officinalis*/chemistry , Metal Nanoparticles*/toxicity , Metal Nanoparticles*/chemistry , Silver*/toxicity , Silver*/chemistry , Plant Extracts*/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/toxicity , Gonads*/drug effects , Gonads*/cytology , Oncorhynchus mykiss*, Cell Survival/drug effects ; Copper/toxicity ; Iron/toxicity ; Animals ; Cell Line |
| Abstract: | The rapid increase in the use of nanoparticles in various sectors necessitates understanding their potential biological effects on aquatic organisms. In particular, the biosafety profiles of plant-derived biosynthetic nanoparticles, developed as environmentally friendly alternatives, are still known to a limited extent. In this study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and silver (Ag) nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis using sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf extract on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gonad cell line (RTG-2) were investigated. The structural and morphological properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-EDX, and zeta potential analyses. Cell viability and apoptosis-related protein responses were assessed following nanoparticle exposure. The results showed that all metal nanoparticles produced a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in RTG-2 cells. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect, significantly reducing cell viability, especially at concentrations of 50 µg/mL and above. Apoptosis analysis revealed that different toxicity mechanisms were activated depending on the metal type. While AgNPs strongly suppressed BCL2 expression and appeared to enhance apoptosis-related responses, CuNPs and FeNPs were mainly associated with p53-mediated cellular stress signaling. In conclusion, it was shown that sage-derived metal nanoparticles produced metal-type-specific cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in fish gonad cells; these findings highlight the necessity of species- and metal-based approaches in the environmental risk assessment of green synthesis nanoparticles. (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Apoptosis; Biological synthesis; Cytotoxicity; Green synthesis; Metal nanoparticles; RTG-2 cell line; Salvia officinalis |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 3M4G523W1G (Silver) 0 (Plant Extracts) 0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical) 789U1901C5 (Copper) E1UOL152H7 (Iron) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260617 Date Completed: 20260721 Latest Revision: 20260721 |
| Update Code: | 20260722 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.aquatox.2026.107903 |
| PMID: | 42308840 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
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