Academic Journal

Enhanced toxicity of diallyl disulfide and carvone nanoemulsions against a stored bean pest and their nontarget effects on its parasitoid and seed viability.

Bibliographic Details
Title: Enhanced toxicity of diallyl disulfide and carvone nanoemulsions against a stored bean pest and their nontarget effects on its parasitoid and seed viability.
Authors: Sahu U; Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan. Electronic address: urvashi.sahu093@gmail.com., Helmy EAM; Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt., Tuda M; Laboratory of Insect Natural Enemies, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan. Electronic address: tuda.midori.022@m.kyushu-u.ac.jp.
Source: Ecotoxicology and environmental safety [Ecotoxicol Environ Saf] 2026 Aug; Vol. 321, pp. 120374. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 16.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 7805381 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1090-2414 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01476513 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ecotoxicol Environ Saf Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Elsevier
MeSH Terms: Disulfides*/toxicity , Monoterpenes*/toxicity , Insecticides*/toxicity , Allyl Compounds*/toxicity , Seeds*/drug effects , Seeds*/parasitology , Coleoptera*/drug effects , Coleoptera*/parasitology, Animals ; Cyclohexane Monoterpenes ; Emulsions ; Female ; Oils, Volatile
Abstract: Botanical essential oils and their volatile constituents are increasingly recognized as environmentally safer alternatives to synthetic insecticides for managing stored-product pests. The adzuki bean beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis, is a cosmopolitan pest that causes substantial postharvest losses in legumes. In this study, nanoemulsions (NEs) of diallyl disulfide (a garlic-derived organosulfur compound), (R)-carvone (a spearmint-derived monoterpenoid), and their binary mixtures (1:1 and 2:1) were formulated using ultrasonication. The nanoemulsions consisted of spherical droplets (54-62 nm) and moderately high zeta potentials (-9.6 to -16.9 mV). Among treatments, diallyl disulfide NE exhibited the highest fumigant toxicity to C. chinensis, with an LC50 of 0.79 µL active compound/L air at 24 h. Nanoemulsification enhanced efficacy by 30.5% for diallyl disulfide and 8.19% for carvone. Binary mixtures showed additive toxicity. Male beetles were generally more susceptible than females, except at a low concentration of the 1:1 mixture. At the 24 h LC50 estimated for the host beetle, diallyl disulfide NE and the 2:1 mixture were less toxic (<50% mortality) to the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae adults. These treatments, particularly the 2:1 mixture, increased root length and seedling vigor index, with no measurable phytochemical residues on bean surfaces. Exposure of host larvae to diallyl disulfide NE increased total host mortality and parasitoid emergence. Overall, diallyl disulfide NE, alone or in a 2:1 mixture with carvone, showed strong potential as a plant-based fumigant against C. chinensis, with comparatively low adverse effects on the parasitoid longevity, positive diallyl disulfide NE effects on parasitism, and neutral or positive effects on seedling growth.
(Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Biological control; Bruchinae; Hormesis; Insecticide; Integrated pest management; Nanotechnology; Sex specific mortality
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Disulfides)
0 (Cyclohexane Monoterpenes)
5HI47O6OA7 (diallyl disulfide)
75GK9XIA8I (carvone)
0 (Monoterpenes)
0 (Insecticides)
0 (Allyl Compounds)
0 (Emulsions)
0 (Oils, Volatile)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260616 Date Completed: 20260710 Latest Revision: 20260710
Update Code: 20260711
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.120374
PMID: 42302343
Database: MEDLINE
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