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Mobile genetic elements shape the evolution and adaptation of the marine Sulfitobacter genus.

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Title: Mobile genetic elements shape the evolution and adaptation of the marine Sulfitobacter genus.
Authors: Guzel M; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.; Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye., May F; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA., Buchan A; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
Source: MSystems [mSystems] 2026 Jul 21; Vol. 11 (7), pp. e0047926. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 15.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: American Society for Microbiology Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101680636 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2379-5077 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 23795077 NLM ISO Abbreviation: mSystems Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Washington, DC : American Society for Microbiology, [2016]-
MeSH Terms: Rhodobacteraceae*/genetics , Rhodobacteraceae*/classification , Rhodobacteraceae*/physiology , Adaptation, Physiological*/genetics , Evolution, Molecular* , Interspersed Repetitive Sequences*, Plasmids/genetics ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Gene Transfer, Horizontal ; Genome, Bacterial ; Phylogeny
Abstract: Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are essential for facilitating horizontal gene transfer and play crucial roles in the evolution and adaptive capabilities of bacterial species. Here, we analyzed closed genomes from the marine Sulfitobacter genus to assess plasmid contributions to ecological adaptability and evolutionary diversification. Our analysis of 153 Sulfitobacter plasmids from 36 strains representing 8 species shows extensive plasmid conservation within species (e.g., >95% nucleotide identity for flagellar plasmids) alongside significant mosaicism across 60% of plasmids. Insertion sequences (IS) elements are nearly ninefold more concentrated on plasmids relative to chromosomes, suggestive of active genetic exchange in this replicon class. Network analysis identified 14 primary plasmid clusters, with species-specific conservation patterns and evidence of inter-species gene transfer. In Sulfitobacter pontiacus strain CB2047, we discovered chromosomal integration of a 280 kb plasmid encoding a toxin-antitoxin system, rrn operon, as well as a chromosomal partitioning system. These findings demonstrate that plasmids function as key drivers of evolution and adaptation in Sulfitobacter, serving as both repositories of conserved adaptive traits and platforms for ongoing genetic innovation.
Importance: Plasmids are increasingly recognized as crucial drivers of bacterial evolution and adaptation, yet their roles in shaping marine microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of plasmid diversity and evolution within Sulfitobacter, a broadly distributed and metabolically versatile marine bacterial genus, in which ~15% of genome content is plasmid-encoded. We propose that Sulfitobacter plasmids serve dual evolutionary roles: maintaining highly conserved species-specific traits essential for survival (such as flagellar motility and biofilm formation), while simultaneously functioning as platforms for genetic innovation through extensive horizontal gene transfer. The discovery of a large plasmid integrated into the chromosome of one strain highlights that episomal elements can transition to stable chromosomal inheritance in this genus. These findings advance our understanding of how marine bacteria balance genomic stability with adaptive flexibility, providing insights applicable to microbial evolution in dynamic ocean environments.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Nat Ecol Evol. 2021 Dec;5(12):1624-1636. (PMID: 34750532)
mSphere. 2022 Apr 27;7(2):e0093021. (PMID: 35311569)
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013 Apr;97(7):2805-15. (PMID: 23435940)
PLoS Comput Biol. 2017 Jun 8;13(6):e1005595. (PMID: 28594827)
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CRISPR J. 2020 Dec;3(6):462-469. (PMID: 33275853)
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Grant Information: OCE-1737237 National Science Foundation; 735083 Simons Foundation
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Roseobacteraceae; Sulfitobacter; horizontal gene transfer; mobile genetic element; plasmid
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260615 Date Completed: 20260721 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13386836
DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00479-26
PMID: 42294647
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Mobile genetic elements shape the evolution and adaptation of the marine Sulfitobacter genus.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Guzel+M%22">Guzel M</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.; Department of Food Engineering, Hitit University, Corum, Türkiye.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22May+F%22">May F</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Buchan+A%22">Buchan A</searchLink>; Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101680636%22">MSystems</searchLink> [mSystems] 2026 Jul 21; Vol. 11 (7), pp. e0047926. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 15.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae%22">Rhodobacteraceae*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae%22">Rhodobacteraceae*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae+classification%22">classification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae%22">Rhodobacteraceae*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Rhodobacteraceae+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Adaptation%2C+Physiological%22">Adaptation, Physiological*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Adaptation%2C+Physiological+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Evolution%2C+Molecular%22">Evolution, Molecular*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Interspersed+Repetitive+Sequences%22">Interspersed Repetitive Sequences*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Plasmids%22">Plasmids</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Plasmids+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Chromosomes%2C+Bacterial%22">Chromosomes, Bacterial</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Chromosomes%2C+Bacterial+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Gene+Transfer%2C+Horizontal%22">Gene Transfer, Horizontal</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Genome%2C+Bacterial%22">Genome, Bacterial</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Phylogeny%22">Phylogeny</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are essential for facilitating horizontal gene transfer and play crucial roles in the evolution and adaptive capabilities of bacterial species. Here, we analyzed closed genomes from the marine Sulfitobacter genus to assess plasmid contributions to ecological adaptability and evolutionary diversification. Our analysis of 153 Sulfitobacter plasmids from 36 strains representing 8 species shows extensive plasmid conservation within species (e.g., >95% nucleotide identity for flagellar plasmids) alongside significant mosaicism across 60% of plasmids. Insertion sequences (IS) elements are nearly ninefold more concentrated on plasmids relative to chromosomes, suggestive of active genetic exchange in this replicon class. Network analysis identified 14 primary plasmid clusters, with species-specific conservation patterns and evidence of inter-species gene transfer. In Sulfitobacter pontiacus strain CB2047, we discovered chromosomal integration of a 280 kb plasmid encoding a toxin-antitoxin system, rrn operon, as well as a chromosomal partitioning system. These findings demonstrate that plasmids function as key drivers of evolution and adaptation in Sulfitobacter, serving as both repositories of conserved adaptive traits and platforms for ongoing genetic innovation.<br />Importance: Plasmids are increasingly recognized as crucial drivers of bacterial evolution and adaptation, yet their roles in shaping marine microbial communities are poorly understood. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of plasmid diversity and evolution within Sulfitobacter, a broadly distributed and metabolically versatile marine bacterial genus, in which ~15% of genome content is plasmid-encoded. We propose that Sulfitobacter plasmids serve dual evolutionary roles: maintaining highly conserved species-specific traits essential for survival (such as flagellar motility and biofilm formation), while simultaneously functioning as platforms for genetic innovation through extensive horizontal gene transfer. The discovery of a large plasmid integrated into the chromosome of one strain highlights that episomal elements can transition to stable chromosomal inheritance in this genus. These findings advance our understanding of how marine bacteria balance genomic stability with adaptive flexibility, providing insights applicable to microbial evolution in dynamic ocean environments.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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  Data: OCE-1737237 National Science Foundation; 735083 Simons Foundation
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Roseobacteraceae; Sulfitobacter; horizontal gene transfer; mobile genetic element; plasmid
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        Value: 10.1128/msystems.00479-26
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: e0047926
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Plasmids genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Chromosomes, Bacterial genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Gene Transfer, Horizontal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genome, Bacterial
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phylogeny
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rhodobacteraceae genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rhodobacteraceae classification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rhodobacteraceae physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adaptation, Physiological genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Evolution, Molecular
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Interspersed Repetitive Sequences
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Mobile genetic elements shape the evolution and adaptation of the marine Sulfitobacter genus.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Guzel M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: May F
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Buchan A
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 21
              M: 07
              Text: 2026 Jul 21
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2379-5077
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 11
            – Type: issue
              Value: 7
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: MSystems
              Type: main
ResultId 1