Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part II: long-range postmortem interval estimation.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part II: long-range postmortem interval estimation.
Συγγραφείς: Bugelli V; University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Calabrò F; University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Camatti J; University of Parma, Parma, Italy. jessika.camatti@unipr.it., Cecchi R; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Di Paolo M; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Franceschetti L; University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
Πηγή: International journal of legal medicine [Int J Legal Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 140 (5), pp. 3331-3343. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 12.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9101456 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1437-1596 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09379827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Legal Med Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Heidelberg, FRG : Springer International, c1990-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Forensic Sciences*/methods , Postmortem Changes* , Artificial Intelligence*, Humans ; Machine Learning ; Predictive Learning Models
Περίληψη: Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation remains a major challenge in forensic medicine due to the complex and multifactorial nature of decomposition processes. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to improve PMI prediction. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence on AI-based models developed for PMI estimation. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus from database inception to 1 March 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were included if they applied AI, machine learning, or deep learning methods to estimate PMI using real postmortem datasets. Data extraction included study characteristics, data modality, AI model architecture, validation strategy, and reported performance metrics. A total of 64 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most common approach involved microbiome-based models (n = 29), followed by metabolomics and proteomics approaches (n = 11) and imaging-based AI models (n = 11). Random Forest algorithms were the most frequently used machine learning method, particularly in microbiome studies. Reported predictive performance varied widely across studies, with several models achieving high accuracy or low prediction errors depending on the data modality and PMI range investigated. AI represents a promising tool for improving the accuracy and objectivity of PMI estimation by enabling the integration of complex forensic datasets. However, current evidence is limited by heterogeneous methodologies, small datasets, and a lack of external validation. Future research should focus on large multicenter datasets, standardized validation protocols, and multimodal AI models integrating diverse forensic data sources.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and ethical standards: This study is a systematic review of published literature and did not involve new human participants or biological samples. Therefore, approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required. Human ethics and consent to participate declaration: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. One of the included studies is a previously published case report authored by members of the research team.
References: Forensic Sci Int. 2021 Apr 14;323:110784. (PMID: 33864992)
Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2021 May;52:102488. (PMID: 33667880)
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2026 Mar 15;349:127363. (PMID: 41422669)
Microb Ecol. 2022 Nov;84(4):1087-1102. (PMID: 34775524)
J Forensic Sci. 2023 Jan;68(1):163-175. (PMID: 36440674)
Int J Legal Med. 2023 Jan;137(1):237-249. (PMID: 35661238)
Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Jan;379:112779. (PMID: 41411941)
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Oct;78:102687. (PMID: 40829283)
Microorganisms. 2025 Dec 19;14(1):. (PMID: 41597526)
Insects. 2024 Mar 10;15(3):. (PMID: 38535379)
Biology (Basel). 2022 Jul 06;11(7):. (PMID: 36101401)
Med Sci Law. 2025 Jan;65(1):52-64. (PMID: 39285781)
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 29;25(3):. (PMID: 38338938)
Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Sep;21(3):1428-1446. (PMID: 40702300)
PLoS One. 2019 Apr 15;14(4):e0213829. (PMID: 30986212)
Front Microbiol. 2022 Nov 15;13:1052808. (PMID: 36458191)
J Appl Microbiol. 2022 Dec;133(6):3451-3464. (PMID: 35950442)
Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Sep;302:109838. (PMID: 31233889)
Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 21;7(1):18013. (PMID: 29269843)
Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018 Nov;410(29):7611-7620. (PMID: 30349991)
BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. (PMID: 33782057)
Eur Radiol. 2023 Nov;33(11):8387-8395. (PMID: 37329460)
Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Oct 10;232(1-3):25-31. (PMID: 24053861)
J Forensic Sci. 2025 Jul;70(4):1261-1273. (PMID: 40329496)
Electrophoresis. 2024 Aug;45(15-16):1370-1378. (PMID: 38332582)
Environ Microbiol. 2020 Jun;22(6):2273-2291. (PMID: 32227435)
Nat Commun. 2026 Feb 11;17(1):1504. (PMID: 41673021)
Biology (Basel). 2023 May 28;12(6):. (PMID: 37372068)
Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 10;9:1083474. (PMID: 36703889)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025 Oct 22;91(10):e0145325. (PMID: 40956075)
Heliyon. 2024 May 27;10(11):e31897. (PMID: 38882314)
Microorganisms. 2022 Dec 24;11(1):. (PMID: 36677348)
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025 Jan 15;325:125175. (PMID: 39306914)
Int J Legal Med. 2023 Mar;137(2):445-458. (PMID: 36507961)
Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2023 Apr 25;39(2):115-120. (PMID: 37277373)
J Forensic Sci. 2020 Jul;65(4):1210-1220. (PMID: 32073664)
Int J Legal Med. 2024 May;138(3):1093-1107. (PMID: 37999765)
Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2025 Oct;270:108949. (PMID: 40651440)
Front Microbiol. 2022 Jul 22;13:951707. (PMID: 35942315)
Sci Justice. 2025 Nov;65(6):101344. (PMID: 41320460)
PLoS One. 2016 Dec 22;11(12):e0167370. (PMID: 28005908)
Comput Biol Med. 2018 Jul 1;98:93-99. (PMID: 29778926)
Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2717-2733. (PMID: 39103637)
Front Microbiol. 2022 Dec 02;13:988297. (PMID: 36532467)
Forensic Sci Int. 2024 Aug;361:112144. (PMID: 39018983)
Insects. 2022 Sep 05;13(9):. (PMID: 36135509)
Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2023 Sep;66:102904. (PMID: 37307769)
Int J Legal Med. 2026 Jan;140(1):541-558. (PMID: 41051498)
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Apr 06;26(7):. (PMID: 40244278)
J Vet Diagn Invest. 2023 Mar;35(2):97-108. (PMID: 36744749)
Forensic Sci Int. 2022 Nov;340:111473. (PMID: 36166880)
Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025 Oct 15;339:126284. (PMID: 40300229)
Forensic Sci Int. 2024 Feb;355:111934. (PMID: 38277912)
mSphere. 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0045521. (PMID: 34259562)
Sci Justice. 2021 Sep;61(5):516-527. (PMID: 34482931)
Front Microbiol. 2024 May 13;15:1392716. (PMID: 38803371)
J Forensic Sci. 2025 Sep;70(5):1892-1907. (PMID: 40524283)
Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Jun;21(2):589-598. (PMID: 39147943)
AMB Express. 2026 Feb 03;16(1):. (PMID: 41634480)
Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jul;139(4):1809-1819. (PMID: 40019556)
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Feb;80:102764. (PMID: 41401747)
PLoS One. 2024 Oct 11;19(10):e0311906. (PMID: 39392823)
Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Jan;379:112761. (PMID: 41349266)
Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 25;26(3):. (PMID: 39940802)
J Forensic Leg Med. 2026 Jan;117:103051. (PMID: 41406784)
Int J Legal Med. 2002 Feb;116(1):5-11. (PMID: 11924710)
Talanta. 2024 Feb 1;268(Pt 1):125249. (PMID: 37839320)
Int J Legal Med. 2025 Sep;139(5):2561-2575. (PMID: 40423808)
Anal Chem. 2025 Aug 5;97(30):16123-16132. (PMID: 40698418)
Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 7;7(1):4887. (PMID: 28687792)
Biol Res. 2024 Oct 24;57(1):75. (PMID: 39444040)
Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 May;56:102031. (PMID: 35123354)
Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):1167-1182. (PMID: 41258447)
Genes (Basel). 2018 Feb 16;9(2):. (PMID: 29462950)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Decomposition; Forensic imaging; Forensic pathology; Machine learning; Postmortem interval
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260611 Date Completed: 20260822 Latest Revision: 20260903
Update Code: 20260903
PubMed Central ID: PMC13499855
DOI: 10.1007/s00414-026-03856-4
PMID: 42277392
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00414-026-03856-4
    Name: EDS - Springer Nature Journals (s7799221)
    Category: fullText
    Text: View record at Springer
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=14371596&ISBN=&volume=140&issue=5&date=20260901&spage=3331&pages=3331-3343&title=International journal of legal medicine&atitle=Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20forensic%20science%3A%20a%20systematic%20review.%20Part%20II%3A%20long-range%20postmortem%20interval%20estimation.&aulast=Bugelli%20V&id=DOI:10.1007/s00414-026-03856-4
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42277392
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part II: long-range postmortem interval estimation.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bugelli+V%22">Bugelli V</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Calabrò+F%22">Calabrò F</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Camatti+J%22">Camatti J</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy. jessika.camatti@unipr.it.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cecchi+R%22">Cecchi R</searchLink>; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Di+Paolo+M%22">Di Paolo M</searchLink>; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Franceschetti+L%22">Franceschetti L</searchLink>; University of Milano, Milan, Italy.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229101456%22">International journal of legal medicine</searchLink> [Int J Legal Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 140 (5), pp. 3331-3343. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 12.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer+International%22">Springer International </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Germany <i>NLM ID: </i>9101456 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1437-1596 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2209379827%22">09379827 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Legal Med <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Heidelberg, FRG : Springer International, c1990-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences%22">Forensic Sciences*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Postmortem+Changes%22">Postmortem Changes*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Artificial+Intelligence%22">Artificial Intelligence*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Machine+Learning%22">Machine Learning</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Predictive+Learning+Models%22">Predictive Learning Models</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Postmortem interval (PMI) estimation remains a major challenge in forensic medicine due to the complex and multifactorial nature of decomposition processes. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning techniques have been increasingly applied to improve PMI prediction. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the current evidence on AI-based models developed for PMI estimation. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus from database inception to 1 March 2026, following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Studies were included if they applied AI, machine learning, or deep learning methods to estimate PMI using real postmortem datasets. Data extraction included study characteristics, data modality, AI model architecture, validation strategy, and reported performance metrics. A total of 64 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most common approach involved microbiome-based models (n = 29), followed by metabolomics and proteomics approaches (n = 11) and imaging-based AI models (n = 11). Random Forest algorithms were the most frequently used machine learning method, particularly in microbiome studies. Reported predictive performance varied widely across studies, with several models achieving high accuracy or low prediction errors depending on the data modality and PMI range investigated. AI represents a promising tool for improving the accuracy and objectivity of PMI estimation by enabling the integration of complex forensic datasets. However, current evidence is limited by heterogeneous methodologies, small datasets, and a lack of external validation. Future research should focus on large multicenter datasets, standardized validation protocols, and multimodal AI models integrating diverse forensic data sources.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and ethical standards: This study is a systematic review of published literature and did not involve new human participants or biological samples. Therefore, approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required. Human ethics and consent to participate declaration: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. One of the included studies is a previously published case report authored by members of the research team.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Forensic Sci Int. 2021 Apr 14;323:110784. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233864992%22">33864992)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2021 May;52:102488. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233667880%22">33667880)</searchLink><br />Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2026 Mar 15;349:127363. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241422669%22">41422669)</searchLink><br />Microb Ecol. 2022 Nov;84(4):1087-1102. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234775524%22">34775524)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2023 Jan;68(1):163-175. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236440674%22">36440674)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2023 Jan;137(1):237-249. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235661238%22">35661238)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Jan;379:112779. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241411941%22">41411941)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Oct;78:102687. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240829283%22">40829283)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2025 Dec 19;14(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241597526%22">41597526)</searchLink><br />Insects. 2024 Mar 10;15(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238535379%22">38535379)</searchLink><br />Biology (Basel). 2022 Jul 06;11(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236101401%22">36101401)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Law. 2025 Jan;65(1):52-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239285781%22">39285781)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jan 29;25(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238338938%22">38338938)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Sep;21(3):1428-1446. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240702300%22">40702300)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2019 Apr 15;14(4):e0213829. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230986212%22">30986212)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2022 Nov 15;13:1052808. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236458191%22">36458191)</searchLink><br />J Appl Microbiol. 2022 Dec;133(6):3451-3464. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235950442%22">35950442)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Sep;302:109838. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231233889%22">31233889)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2017 Dec 21;7(1):18013. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229269843%22">29269843)</searchLink><br />Anal Bioanal Chem. 2018 Nov;410(29):7611-7620. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230349991%22">30349991)</searchLink><br />BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233782057%22">33782057)</searchLink><br />Eur Radiol. 2023 Nov;33(11):8387-8395. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237329460%22">37329460)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Oct 10;232(1-3):25-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224053861%22">24053861)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2025 Jul;70(4):1261-1273. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240329496%22">40329496)</searchLink><br />Electrophoresis. 2024 Aug;45(15-16):1370-1378. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238332582%22">38332582)</searchLink><br />Environ Microbiol. 2020 Jun;22(6):2273-2291. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232227435%22">32227435)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2026 Feb 11;17(1):1504. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241673021%22">41673021)</searchLink><br />Biology (Basel). 2023 May 28;12(6):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237372068%22">37372068)</searchLink><br />Front Med (Lausanne). 2023 Jan 10;9:1083474. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236703889%22">36703889)</searchLink><br />Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025 Oct 22;91(10):e0145325. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240956075%22">40956075)</searchLink><br />Heliyon. 2024 May 27;10(11):e31897. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238882314%22">38882314)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2022 Dec 24;11(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236677348%22">36677348)</searchLink><br />Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025 Jan 15;325:125175. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239306914%22">39306914)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2023 Mar;137(2):445-458. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236507961%22">36507961)</searchLink><br />Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2023 Apr 25;39(2):115-120. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237277373%22">37277373)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2020 Jul;65(4):1210-1220. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232073664%22">32073664)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 May;138(3):1093-1107. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237999765%22">37999765)</searchLink><br />Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2025 Oct;270:108949. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240651440%22">40651440)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2022 Jul 22;13:951707. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235942315%22">35942315)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2025 Nov;65(6):101344. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241320460%22">41320460)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2016 Dec 22;11(12):e0167370. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228005908%22">28005908)</searchLink><br />Comput Biol Med. 2018 Jul 1;98:93-99. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229778926%22">29778926)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2717-2733. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239103637%22">39103637)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2022 Dec 02;13:988297. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236532467%22">36532467)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2024 Aug;361:112144. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239018983%22">39018983)</searchLink><br />Insects. 2022 Sep 05;13(9):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236135509%22">36135509)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2023 Sep;66:102904. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237307769%22">37307769)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2026 Jan;140(1):541-558. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241051498%22">41051498)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Apr 06;26(7):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240244278%22">40244278)</searchLink><br />J Vet Diagn Invest. 2023 Mar;35(2):97-108. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236744749%22">36744749)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2022 Nov;340:111473. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236166880%22">36166880)</searchLink><br />Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc. 2025 Oct 15;339:126284. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240300229%22">40300229)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2024 Feb;355:111934. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238277912%22">38277912)</searchLink><br />mSphere. 2021 Aug 25;6(4):e0045521. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234259562%22">34259562)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2021 Sep;61(5):516-527. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234482931%22">34482931)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2024 May 13;15:1392716. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238803371%22">38803371)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2025 Sep;70(5):1892-1907. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240524283%22">40524283)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Jun;21(2):589-598. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239147943%22">39147943)</searchLink><br />AMB Express. 2026 Feb 03;16(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241634480%22">41634480)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jul;139(4):1809-1819. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240019556%22">40019556)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Feb;80:102764. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241401747%22">41401747)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2024 Oct 11;19(10):e0311906. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239392823%22">39392823)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Jan;379:112761. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241349266%22">41349266)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2025 Jan 25;26(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239940802%22">39940802)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2026 Jan;117:103051. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241406784%22">41406784)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2002 Feb;116(1):5-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211924710%22">11924710)</searchLink><br />Talanta. 2024 Feb 1;268(Pt 1):125249. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237839320%22">37839320)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 Sep;139(5):2561-2575. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240423808%22">40423808)</searchLink><br />Anal Chem. 2025 Aug 5;97(30):16123-16132. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240698418%22">40698418)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 7;7(1):4887. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228687792%22">28687792)</searchLink><br />Biol Res. 2024 Oct 24;57(1):75. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239444040%22">39444040)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 May;56:102031. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235123354%22">35123354)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):1167-1182. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241258447%22">41258447)</searchLink><br />Genes (Basel). 2018 Feb 16;9(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229462950%22">29462950)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Artificial intelligence; Decomposition; Forensic imaging; Forensic pathology; Machine learning; Postmortem interval
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260611 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260822 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260903
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260903
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13499855
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1007/s00414-026-03856-4
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42277392
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42277392
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s00414-026-03856-4
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 3331
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Machine Learning
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Predictive Learning Models
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Forensic Sciences methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Postmortem Changes
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Artificial Intelligence
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part II: long-range postmortem interval estimation.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Bugelli V
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Calabrò F
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Camatti J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Cecchi R
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Di Paolo M
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Franceschetti L
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1437-1596
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 140
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: International journal of legal medicine
              Type: main
ResultId 1