Academic Journal
Προβολή σε EDS

Making brain monitoring routine: why processed EEG monitoring should be standard practice.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Making brain monitoring routine: why processed EEG monitoring should be standard practice.
Συγγραφείς: Berger-Estilita J; Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, +41 31 684 62 01, Bern, 3012, Switzerland. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Salem Spital, Hirslanden Medical Group, Bern, Switzerland. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, RISE-Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. joanamberger@gmail.com., Absalom AR; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands., Gelb AW; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Πηγή: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing [J Clin Monit Comput] 2026 Oct; Vol. 40 (5), pp. 965-973. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 05.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9806357 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2614 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13871307 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Clin Monit Comput Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: Amsterdam : Springer
Original Publication: Dordrecht, The Netherlands ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1998-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Electroencephalography*/methods , Brain*/physiology , Monitoring, Intraoperative*/methods , Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring*/methods, Anesthesia, General/methods ; Monitoring, Physiologic/methods ; Humans ; Patient Safety ; Anesthesia ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Περίληψη: Despite major technological advances and a growing evidence base, perioperative electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring remains underused, even though general anaesthesia is fundamentally a brain-targeted intervention. Processed EEG (pEEG) captures clinically relevant brain physiology and provides actionable information to guide anaesthetic dosing, yet its adoption has been hindered by expectations of outcome certainty that exceed those applied to other standard monitors. Much of the controversy reflects misaligned endpoints-such as movement or binary awareness detection-rather than the domains in which EEG plausibly adds value, including avoidance of excessively deep anaesthesia and optimisation of drug titration. While large trials have produced heterogeneous results and have not demonstrated uniform benefit across broad surgical populations, some analyses have explored the possibility that EEG-guided anaesthesia may be more relevant in selected high-risk groups, particularly older adults vulnerable to postoperative neurocognitive disorders. Continued failure to integrate routine brain monitoring into standard anaesthetic practice may therefore pose a greater patient safety risk than adopting it in the setting of imperfect yet biologically coherent evidence.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: JBE is Associate Editor-in-Chief of BJA Open. She received speakers’ fees from Medtronic (paid to the institution). AA is the financial trustee of the BJA company. JBE and AA are members of the Board of Directors of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. AWG is past president of the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiology and has consulting agreements with Haisco Pharma, Medtronic, BD and Fresenius Kabi. All relationships are outside the submitted work. Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process.: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT v.5.2 to improve readability and grammar. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
References: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;5:CD011283. (PMID: 29761891)
Anesth Analg. 2024 Feb 1;138(2):295-307. (PMID: 38215709)
Lancet. 2019 Nov 23;394(10212):1907-1914. (PMID: 31645286)
Anaesthesia. 2021 Sep;76(9):1212-1223. (PMID: 34013531)
Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar;36(2):154-60. (PMID: 19378707)
Anesthesiology. 2012 Jun;116(6):1195-203. (PMID: 22546967)
Anesth Analg. 1997 Apr;84(4):891-9. (PMID: 9085977)
Anesthesiology. 1997 Apr;86(4):836-47. (PMID: 9105228)
Science. 2021 May 28;372(6545):911-912. (PMID: 34045342)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 26;9:CD003843. (PMID: 31557307)
JAMA. 2024 Jul 9;332(2):112-123. (PMID: 38857019)
Anesthesiology. 2006 Apr;104(4):847-64. (PMID: 16571982)
Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025 Jun 1;42(6):488-491. (PMID: 40308047)
Respir Care. 2024 Jul 24;69(8):1033-1041. (PMID: 38806220)
Anesthesiology. 1992 Nov;77(5):888-98. (PMID: 1443742)
Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002 Mar;46(3):229-31. (PMID: 11939910)
Anesthesiology. 2012 Oct;117(4):717-25. (PMID: 22990178)
Br J Anaesth. 2021 Nov;127(5):704-712. (PMID: 34465469)
J Clin Anesth. 2024 Dec;99:111672. (PMID: 39481245)
Anesthesiology. 2017 Feb;126(2):214-222. (PMID: 27984262)
Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):803-16. (PMID: 11964586)
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Mar 15;207(6):661-664. (PMID: 36260769)
Anesth Analg. 2017 Jan;124(1):136-145. (PMID: 27258081)
Br J Anaesth. 2014 Oct;113(4):549-59. (PMID: 25204697)
Br J Anaesth. 1993 Jan;70(1):42-6. (PMID: 8431332)
J Clin Monit Comput. 2025 Apr;39(2):315-348. (PMID: 39704777)
Anaesthesia. 2013 May;68(5):512-22. (PMID: 23414556)
Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jul;121(1):327-329. (PMID: 29935588)
Neurocrit Care. 2025 Feb;42(1):175-184. (PMID: 39043984)
Lancet. 2000 Feb 26;355(9205):707-11. (PMID: 10703802)
Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care. 2024 Oct 04;3(6):e0063. (PMID: 39917635)
Anaesthesia. 2013 Oct;68(10):1010-20. (PMID: 24047289)
Br J Anaesth. 2020 Jul;125(1):e88-e103. (PMID: 32416994)
J Clin Monit. 1995 Mar;11(2):83-91. (PMID: 7760092)
Anesth Analg. 2005 Jan;100(1):4-10. (PMID: 15616043)
Can J Anaesth. 2018 Jun;65(6):698-708. (PMID: 29736769)
Br J Anaesth. 2023 Feb;130(2):e217-e224. (PMID: 35618535)
Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2006;57(4):429-32. (PMID: 17236646)
Br J Anaesth. 1999 Feb;82(2):203-7. (PMID: 10364994)
N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):591-600. (PMID: 21848460)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Oct;177:106333. (PMID: 40816661)
Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2026 Sep 1;43(9):737-748. (PMID: 41709666)
Anaesthesia. 2023 Jun;78(6):701-711. (PMID: 36857758)
N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1097-108. (PMID: 18337600)
Anaesthesia. 2013 May;68(5):502-11. (PMID: 23521699)
Br J Anaesth. 2016 Jun;116(6):738-40. (PMID: 27199305)
Anaesthesia. 2019 Feb;74(2):211-224. (PMID: 30378102)
Anesth Analg. 2020 May;130(5):1278-1291. (PMID: 31764163)
Br J Anaesth. 2024 Sep;133(3):565-583. (PMID: 38969535)
JAMA. 2019 Feb 5;321(5):473-483. (PMID: 30721296)
Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):784-7. (PMID: 11964583)
Br J Anaesth. 2017 May 01;118(5):755-761. (PMID: 28486575)
Anesth Analg. 2016 Jan;122(1):234-42. (PMID: 26418126)
JAMA. 2025 Dec 2;334(21):1905-1914. (PMID: 41076587)
Anesth Analg. 2003 Sep;97(3):718-740. (PMID: 12933393)
Anesthesiology. 1997 Mar;86(3):613-9. (PMID: 9066327)
Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024 Feb 1;41(2):81-108. (PMID: 37599617)
Anesthesiology. 1994 Dec;81(6):1365-70. (PMID: 7992904)
Lancet. 2004 May 29;363(9423):1757-63. (PMID: 15172773)
Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2025 Oct 1;38(5):576-583. (PMID: 40421501)
JAMA Surg. 2021 May 1;156(5):430-442. (PMID: 33625501)
Anesthesiology. 2000 Sep;93(3):876-82. (PMID: 10969323)
Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1:i32-i45. (PMID: 26174299)
Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1:i95-i103. (PMID: 26174308)
Anesthesiology. 2025 Dec 01;143(6):1595-1618. (PMID: 41537509)
Anesth Analg. 1995 Apr;80(4):780-5. (PMID: 7893035)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Anesthesia, general; Electroencephalography; Monitoring, intraoperative; Patient safety; Postoperative delirium
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260605 Date Completed: 20260910 Latest Revision: 20260918
Update Code: 20260918
PubMed Central ID: PMC13562248
DOI: 10.1007/s10877-026-01453-9
PMID: 42247119
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
FullText Text:
  Availability: 0
CustomLinks:
  – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s10877-026-01453-9
    Name: EDS - Springer Nature Journals (s7799221)
    Category: fullText
    Text: View record at Springer
  – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=15732614&ISBN=&volume=40&issue=5&date=20261001&spage=965&pages=965-973&title=Journal of clinical monitoring and computing&atitle=Making%20brain%20monitoring%20routine%3A%20why%20processed%20EEG%20monitoring%20should%20be%20standard%20practice.&aulast=Berger-Estilita%20J&id=DOI:10.1007/s10877-026-01453-9
    Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271)
    Category: fullText
    Text: Full Text Finder
    MouseOverText: Full Text Finder
Header DbId: cmedm
DbLabel: MEDLINE
An: 42247119
AccessLevel: 3
PubType: Academic Journal
PubTypeId: academicJournal
PreciseRelevancyScore: 0
IllustrationInfo
Items – Name: Title
  Label: Title
  Group: Ti
  Data: Making brain monitoring routine: why processed EEG monitoring should be standard practice.
– Name: Author
  Label: Authors
  Group: Au
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Berger-Estilita+J%22">Berger-Estilita J</searchLink>; Institute for Medical Education, University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, +41 31 684 62 01, Bern, 3012, Switzerland. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Salem Spital, Hirslanden Medical Group, Bern, Switzerland. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Centre for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, RISE-Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. joanamberger@gmail.com.; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. joanamberger@gmail.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Absalom+AR%22">Absalom AR</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Gelb+AW%22">Gelb AW</searchLink>; Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Source
  Group: Src
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229806357%22">Journal of clinical monitoring and computing</searchLink> [J Clin Monit Comput] 2026 Oct; Vol. 40 (5), pp. 965-973. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 05.
– Name: TypePub
  Label: Publication Type
  Group: TypPub
  Data: Journal Article
– Name: Language
  Label: Language
  Group: Lang
  Data: English
– Name: TitleSource
  Label: Journal Info
  Group: Src
  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer%22">Springer </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Netherlands <i>NLM ID: </i>9806357 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1573-2614 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2213871307%22">13871307 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Clin Monit Comput <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
– Name: PublisherInfo
  Label: Imprint Name(s)
  Group: PubInfo
  Data: <i>Publication</i>: Amsterdam : Springer<br /><i>Original Publication</i>: Dordrecht, The Netherlands ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1998-
– Name: SubjectMESH
  Label: MeSH Terms
  Group: Su
  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Electroencephalography%22">Electroencephalography*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Electroencephalography+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain%22">Brain*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Brain+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Monitoring%2C+Intraoperative%22">Monitoring, Intraoperative*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Monitoring%2C+Intraoperative+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Intraoperative+Neurophysiological+Monitoring%22">Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Intraoperative+Neurophysiological+Monitoring+methods%22">methods</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anesthesia%2C+General%22">Anesthesia, General</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anesthesia%2C+General+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Monitoring%2C+Physiologic%22">Monitoring, Physiologic</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Monitoring%2C+Physiologic+methods%22">methods</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Patient+Safety%22">Patient Safety</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anesthesia%22">Anesthesia</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Despite major technological advances and a growing evidence base, perioperative electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring remains underused, even though general anaesthesia is fundamentally a brain-targeted intervention. Processed EEG (pEEG) captures clinically relevant brain physiology and provides actionable information to guide anaesthetic dosing, yet its adoption has been hindered by expectations of outcome certainty that exceed those applied to other standard monitors. Much of the controversy reflects misaligned endpoints-such as movement or binary awareness detection-rather than the domains in which EEG plausibly adds value, including avoidance of excessively deep anaesthesia and optimisation of drug titration. While large trials have produced heterogeneous results and have not demonstrated uniform benefit across broad surgical populations, some analyses have explored the possibility that EEG-guided anaesthesia may be more relevant in selected high-risk groups, particularly older adults vulnerable to postoperative neurocognitive disorders. Continued failure to integrate routine brain monitoring into standard anaesthetic practice may therefore pose a greater patient safety risk than adopting it in the setting of imperfect yet biologically coherent evidence.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: JBE is Associate Editor-in-Chief of BJA Open. She received speakers’ fees from Medtronic (paid to the institution). AA is the financial trustee of the BJA company. JBE and AA are members of the Board of Directors of the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. AWG is past president of the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiology and has consulting agreements with Haisco Pharma, Medtronic, BD and Fresenius Kabi. All relationships are outside the submitted work. Declaration of Generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the manuscript preparation process.: During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT v.5.2 to improve readability and grammar. After using this tool, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 15;5:CD011283. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229761891%22">29761891)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2024 Feb 1;138(2):295-307. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238215709%22">38215709)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2019 Nov 23;394(10212):1907-1914. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231645286%22">31645286)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2021 Sep;76(9):1212-1223. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234013531%22">34013531)</searchLink><br />Can J Neurol Sci. 2009 Mar;36(2):154-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219378707%22">19378707)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2012 Jun;116(6):1195-203. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222546967%22">22546967)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 1997 Apr;84(4):891-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229085977%22">9085977)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 1997 Apr;86(4):836-47. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229105228%22">9105228)</searchLink><br />Science. 2021 May 28;372(6545):911-912. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234045342%22">34045342)</searchLink><br />Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 26;9:CD003843. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231557307%22">31557307)</searchLink><br />JAMA. 2024 Jul 9;332(2):112-123. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238857019%22">38857019)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2006 Apr;104(4):847-64. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216571982%22">16571982)</searchLink><br />Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2025 Jun 1;42(6):488-491. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240308047%22">40308047)</searchLink><br />Respir Care. 2024 Jul 24;69(8):1033-1041. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238806220%22">38806220)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 1992 Nov;77(5):888-98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%221443742%22">1443742)</searchLink><br />Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2002 Mar;46(3):229-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211939910%22">11939910)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2012 Oct;117(4):717-25. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222990178%22">22990178)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2021 Nov;127(5):704-712. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234465469%22">34465469)</searchLink><br />J Clin Anesth. 2024 Dec;99:111672. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239481245%22">39481245)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2017 Feb;126(2):214-222. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227984262%22">27984262)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):803-16. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211964586%22">11964586)</searchLink><br />Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Mar 15;207(6):661-664. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236260769%22">36260769)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2017 Jan;124(1):136-145. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227258081%22">27258081)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2014 Oct;113(4):549-59. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225204697%22">25204697)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 1993 Jan;70(1):42-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228431332%22">8431332)</searchLink><br />J Clin Monit Comput. 2025 Apr;39(2):315-348. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239704777%22">39704777)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2013 May;68(5):512-22. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223414556%22">23414556)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2018 Jul;121(1):327-329. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229935588%22">29935588)</searchLink><br />Neurocrit Care. 2025 Feb;42(1):175-184. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239043984%22">39043984)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2000 Feb 26;355(9205):707-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210703802%22">10703802)</searchLink><br />Eur J Anaesthesiol Intensive Care. 2024 Oct 04;3(6):e0063. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239917635%22">39917635)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2013 Oct;68(10):1010-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224047289%22">24047289)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2020 Jul;125(1):e88-e103. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232416994%22">32416994)</searchLink><br />J Clin Monit. 1995 Mar;11(2):83-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227760092%22">7760092)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2005 Jan;100(1):4-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215616043%22">15616043)</searchLink><br />Can J Anaesth. 2018 Jun;65(6):698-708. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229736769%22">29736769)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2023 Feb;130(2):e217-e224. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235618535%22">35618535)</searchLink><br />Acta Anaesthesiol Belg. 2006;57(4):429-32. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217236646%22">17236646)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 1999 Feb;82(2):203-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210364994%22">10364994)</searchLink><br />N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 18;365(7):591-600. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221848460%22">21848460)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2025 Oct;177:106333. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240816661%22">40816661)</searchLink><br />Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2026 Sep 1;43(9):737-748. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241709666%22">41709666)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2023 Jun;78(6):701-711. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236857758%22">36857758)</searchLink><br />N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 13;358(11):1097-108. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218337600%22">18337600)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2013 May;68(5):502-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223521699%22">23521699)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2016 Jun;116(6):738-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227199305%22">27199305)</searchLink><br />Anaesthesia. 2019 Feb;74(2):211-224. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230378102%22">30378102)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2020 May;130(5):1278-1291. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231764163%22">31764163)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2024 Sep;133(3):565-583. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238969535%22">38969535)</searchLink><br />JAMA. 2019 Feb 5;321(5):473-483. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230721296%22">30721296)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2002 Apr;96(4):784-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211964583%22">11964583)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2017 May 01;118(5):755-761. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228486575%22">28486575)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2016 Jan;122(1):234-42. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226418126%22">26418126)</searchLink><br />JAMA. 2025 Dec 2;334(21):1905-1914. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241076587%22">41076587)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 2003 Sep;97(3):718-740. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212933393%22">12933393)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 1997 Mar;86(3):613-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229066327%22">9066327)</searchLink><br />Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2024 Feb 1;41(2):81-108. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237599617%22">37599617)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 1994 Dec;81(6):1365-70. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227992904%22">7992904)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2004 May 29;363(9423):1757-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215172773%22">15172773)</searchLink><br />Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2025 Oct 1;38(5):576-583. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240421501%22">40421501)</searchLink><br />JAMA Surg. 2021 May 1;156(5):430-442. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233625501%22">33625501)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2000 Sep;93(3):876-82. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210969323%22">10969323)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1:i32-i45. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226174299%22">26174299)</searchLink><br />Br J Anaesth. 2015 Jul;115 Suppl 1:i95-i103. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226174308%22">26174308)</searchLink><br />Anesthesiology. 2025 Dec 01;143(6):1595-1618. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241537509%22">41537509)</searchLink><br />Anesth Analg. 1995 Apr;80(4):780-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227893035%22">7893035)</searchLink>
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Anesthesia, general; Electroencephalography; Monitoring, intraoperative; Patient safety; Postoperative delirium
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260605 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260910 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260918
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260918
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13562248
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1007/s10877-026-01453-9
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42247119
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42247119
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1007/s10877-026-01453-9
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 965
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anesthesia, General methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monitoring, Physiologic methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Patient Safety
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anesthesia
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electroencephalography methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Brain physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Monitoring, Intraoperative methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring methods
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Making brain monitoring routine: why processed EEG monitoring should be standard practice.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Berger-Estilita J
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Absalom AR
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Gelb AW
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 10
              Text: 2026 Oct
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1573-2614
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 40
            – Type: issue
              Value: 5
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Journal of clinical monitoring and computing
              Type: main
ResultId 1