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Characterizing infant leg movements using 72-h wearable sensor data: Descriptive analysis from a large, heterogenous sample of infants 0-2 months of age from the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Characterizing infant leg movements using 72-h wearable sensor data: Descriptive analysis from a large, heterogenous sample of infants 0-2 months of age from the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.
Συγγραφείς: Oh J; Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA., Pini N; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Developmental Neuroscience, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA., Nebeker C; Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; The Qualcomm Institute, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA., Smith BA; Division of Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Developmental Neuroscience and Neurogenetics Program, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: bsmith@chla.usc.edu.
Συλλογικό Έργο: Novel Technology/Wearable Sensors Working Group
Πηγή: Infant behavior & development [Infant Behav Dev] 2026 Sep; Vol. 84, pp. 102199. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 04.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Ablex Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7806016 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-0453 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01636383 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Infant Behav Dev Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Norwood, N. J., Ablex.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Leg*/physiology , Child Development*/physiology , Motor Activity*/physiology , Wearable Electronic Devices*, Movement/physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Female ; Male ; Infant, Newborn
Περίληψη: Spontaneous limb movements provide the foundation for motor development, yet knowledge of their normative characteristics has been limited by small homogenous samples and short observation windows. Leveraging the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study, we present descriptive characteristics of the first large-scale dataset of leg movements from 421 infants aged 0-2 months, captured with wearable sensors worn continuously for 72 h in naturalistic settings across multiple research sites in the United States. Our analysis focused on three domains: movement characteristics, variability of movement acceleration time-series, and physical activity intensity. Movement characteristics included leg movements per hour awake, peak acceleration per movement, average acceleration per movement, and movement duration. These characteristics aligned with earlier smaller-scale studies and showed highly consistent patterns between right and left legs. Sample entropy analysis revealed left-skewed distributions with median values near 1.3. Physical activity intensity estimations showed that infants spent the majority of time in sedentary activity, followed by light activity, with only brief periods of moderate-to-vigorous activity. Together, these findings provide initial characterization of multiple dimensions of infant leg movements, hence significantly contributing to derive reference distributions in early life. By establishing scalable, ecologically valid, and computationally tractable measures of infant motor behavior, this study lays the groundwork for integrating wearable sensing with longitudinal developmental science and for identifying early indicators of atypical trajectories. Ultimately, these findings contribute to the broader goals of the HBCD study: to understand how the brain develops and is shaped by environmental, social, and biological factors during pregnancy and after birth.
(Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
References: J Mot Behav. 1983 Dec;15(4):353-77. (PMID: 15151867)
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 May;50(5):1084-1092. (PMID: 29206783)
Behav Res Methods. 2024 Aug;56(5):4982-5001. (PMID: 37723373)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101423. (PMID: 39098249)
Entropy (Basel). 2018 Oct;20(10):. (PMID: 30853788)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Dec;70:101461. (PMID: 39368284)
Conf Comput Commun Secur. 2021 Nov;2021:2807-2823. (PMID: 36883116)
Gates Open Res. 2018 Apr 5;2:17. (PMID: 29708221)
Phys Ther. 2019 Jun 1;99(6):730-738. (PMID: 31155662)
Technol Health Care. 2019;27(S1):407-424. (PMID: 31045557)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101441. (PMID: 39293188)
Gait Posture. 2024 Sep;113:477-489. (PMID: 39126960)
Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 13;10(1):169. (PMID: 31932616)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101422. (PMID: 39126821)
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Jul 09;24(14):. (PMID: 39065833)
Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Feb;41(2):349-65. (PMID: 23064819)
Res Dev Disabil. 2016 Jun-Jul;53-54:19-31. (PMID: 26851384)
Behav Neural Biol. 1981 May;32(1):45-53. (PMID: 7259716)
Child Dev. 1995 Dec;66(6):1844-55. (PMID: 8556903)
Anim Behav. 1979 Aug;27(Pt 3):699-715. (PMID: 556122)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Dec;70:101452. (PMID: 39341120)
Sensors (Basel). 2015 Aug 04;15(8):19006-20. (PMID: 26247951)
Infant Behav Dev. 2025 Sep;80:102078. (PMID: 40489911)
Childs Nerv Syst. 2019 Jan;35(1):157-163. (PMID: 30377774)
Technologies (Basel). 2017 Sep;5(3):. (PMID: 29114479)
Dev Psychobiol. 2003 May;42(4):368-77. (PMID: 12672087)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101414. (PMID: 39032415)
Early Hum Dev. 2014 Mar;90(3):149-56. (PMID: 24485170)
Entropy (Basel). 2019 May 28;21(6):. (PMID: 33267255)
J Biomech. 2009 Jul 22;42(10):1452-1459. (PMID: 19446817)
Front Psychol. 2023 Oct 17;14:1227469. (PMID: 37915527)
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2000 Jun;278(6):H2039-49. (PMID: 10843903)
Infant Behav Dev. 2011 Feb;34(1):81-99. (PMID: 21129778)
Hum Mov Sci. 2011 Oct;30(5):869-88. (PMID: 21802756)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101446. (PMID: 39298921)
Ann Biomed Eng. 2021 Mar;49(3):979-990. (PMID: 33560467)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Dec;70:101451. (PMID: 39326174)
Front Physiol. 2020 Aug 12;11:981. (PMID: 32903750)
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020 Oct;28(10):2305-2314. (PMID: 32804651)
Front Neuroinform. 2014 Jul 23;8:69. (PMID: 25100988)
J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009 Aug 11;6:34. (PMID: 19671183)
Sensors (Basel). 2024 Sep 04;24(17):. (PMID: 39275650)
Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Jan 21;14:623759. (PMID: 33551751)
Front Pediatr. 2016 Nov 23;4:121. (PMID: 27933283)
J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006 Sep;30(3):120-9. (PMID: 17029655)
Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101447. (PMID: 39305603)
IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2019 Jan 25;7:2800207. (PMID: 30800535)
J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2017 Jan-Dec;4:. (PMID: 28845239)
Sensors (Basel). 2019 Jun 29;19(13):. (PMID: 31261884)
Front Psychol. 2016 Mar 31;7:475. (PMID: 27065934)
Dev Psychobiol. 1983 Jan;16(1):29-46. (PMID: 6825965)
Grant Information: P41 EB028242 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; U01 DA055362 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS; U24 DA055330 United States DA NIDA NIH HHS
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: HBCD Study; Infant motor development; Leg movements; Physical activity; Sample entropy; Wearable sensors
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260604 Date Completed: 20260907 Latest Revision: 20260922
Update Code: 20260922
PubMed Central ID: PMC13284690
DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2026.102199
PMID: 42241920
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Spontaneous limb movements provide the foundation for motor development, yet knowledge of their normative characteristics has been limited by small homogenous samples and short observation windows. Leveraging the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study, we present descriptive characteristics of the first large-scale dataset of leg movements from 421 infants aged 0-2 months, captured with wearable sensors worn continuously for 72 h in naturalistic settings across multiple research sites in the United States. Our analysis focused on three domains: movement characteristics, variability of movement acceleration time-series, and physical activity intensity. Movement characteristics included leg movements per hour awake, peak acceleration per movement, average acceleration per movement, and movement duration. These characteristics aligned with earlier smaller-scale studies and showed highly consistent patterns between right and left legs. Sample entropy analysis revealed left-skewed distributions with median values near 1.3. Physical activity intensity estimations showed that infants spent the majority of time in sedentary activity, followed by light activity, with only brief periods of moderate-to-vigorous activity. Together, these findings provide initial characterization of multiple dimensions of infant leg movements, hence significantly contributing to derive reference distributions in early life. By establishing scalable, ecologically valid, and computationally tractable measures of infant motor behavior, this study lays the groundwork for integrating wearable sensing with longitudinal developmental science and for identifying early indicators of atypical trajectories. Ultimately, these findings contribute to the broader goals of the HBCD study: to understand how the brain develops and is shaped by environmental, social, and biological factors during pregnancy and after birth.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229708221%22">29708221)</searchLink><br />Phys Ther. 2019 Jun 1;99(6):730-738. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231155662%22">31155662)</searchLink><br />Technol Health Care. 2019;27(S1):407-424. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231045557%22">31045557)</searchLink><br />Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101441. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239293188%22">39293188)</searchLink><br />Gait Posture. 2024 Sep;113:477-489. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239126960%22">39126960)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 13;10(1):169. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231932616%22">31932616)</searchLink><br />Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101422. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239126821%22">39126821)</searchLink><br />Sensors (Basel). 2024 Jul 09;24(14):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239065833%22">39065833)</searchLink><br />Ann Biomed Eng. 2013 Feb;41(2):349-65. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223064819%22">23064819)</searchLink><br />Res Dev Disabil. 2016 Jun-Jul;53-54:19-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226851384%22">26851384)</searchLink><br />Behav Neural Biol. 1981 May;32(1):45-53. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227259716%22">7259716)</searchLink><br />Child Dev. 1995 Dec;66(6):1844-55. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228556903%22">8556903)</searchLink><br />Anim Behav. 1979 Aug;27(Pt 3):699-715. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%22556122%22">556122)</searchLink><br />Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Dec;70:101452. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239341120%22">39341120)</searchLink><br />Sensors (Basel). 2015 Aug 04;15(8):19006-20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226247951%22">26247951)</searchLink><br />Infant Behav Dev. 2025 Sep;80:102078. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240489911%22">40489911)</searchLink><br />Childs Nerv Syst. 2019 Jan;35(1):157-163. 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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232903750%22">32903750)</searchLink><br />IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2020 Oct;28(10):2305-2314. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232804651%22">32804651)</searchLink><br />Front Neuroinform. 2014 Jul 23;8:69. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225100988%22">25100988)</searchLink><br />J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2009 Aug 11;6:34. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219671183%22">19671183)</searchLink><br />Sensors (Basel). 2024 Sep 04;24(17):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239275650%22">39275650)</searchLink><br />Front Cell Neurosci. 2021 Jan 21;14:623759. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233551751%22">33551751)</searchLink><br />Front Pediatr. 2016 Nov 23;4:121. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227933283%22">27933283)</searchLink><br />J Neurol Phys Ther. 2006 Sep;30(3):120-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217029655%22">17029655)</searchLink><br />Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2024 Oct;69:101447. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239305603%22">39305603)</searchLink><br />IEEE J Transl Eng Health Med. 2019 Jan 25;7:2800207. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230800535%22">30800535)</searchLink><br />J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng. 2017 Jan-Dec;4:. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228845239%22">28845239)</searchLink><br />Sensors (Basel). 2019 Jun 29;19(13):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231261884%22">31261884)</searchLink><br />Front Psychol. 2016 Mar 31;7:475. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227065934%22">27065934)</searchLink><br />Dev Psychobiol. 1983 Jan;16(1):29-46. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%226825965%22">6825965)</searchLink>
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      – TitleFull: Characterizing infant leg movements using 72-h wearable sensor data: Descriptive analysis from a large, heterogenous sample of infants 0-2 months of age from the HEALthy Brain and Child Development Study.
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          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 09
              Text: 2026 Sep
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1879-0453
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 84
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Infant behavior & development
              Type: main
ResultId 1