Academic Journal
Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part I: personal identification.
| Title: | Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part I: personal identification. |
|---|---|
| Authors: | Bugelli V; University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Calabrò F; University of Parma, Parma, Italy., Donato L; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy., Cecchi R; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy., Camatti J; University of Parma, Parma, Italy. jessika.camatti@unipr.it., Di Paolo M; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy., Franceschetti L; University of Milano, Milan, Italy. |
| Source: | International journal of legal medicine [Int J Legal Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 140 (5), pp. 3317-3329. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 04. |
| Publication Type: | Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review |
| Language: | English |
| Journal Info: | Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9101456 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1437-1596 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09379827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Legal Med Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Heidelberg, FRG : Springer International, c1990- |
| MeSH Terms: | Forensic Sciences*/methods , Artificial Intelligence*, Humans ; Sex Determination Analysis ; Deep Learning ; Forensic Imaging |
| Abstract: | Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in forensic sciences, offering new opportunities for personal identification through automated analysis of biological and imaging data. AI-based approaches have been increasingly applied to tasks such as sex estimation, human identification, ancestry estimation, and kinship analysis. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the applications, methodological characteristics, and performance of AI models in forensic personal identification. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus following PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating AI applications for forensic identification were included. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, dataset type, AI model architecture, forensic task, validation strategy, and reported performance metrics. A total of 89 studies published between 2012 and 2026 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies focused on sex estimation (63%), followed by human identification, ancestry estimation, multi-task prediction, and kinship verification. Most studies relied on imaging datasets, particularly computed tomography and radiographic images. Deep learning models represented the most frequently used analytical approaches. Reported accuracy values were generally high, with a median accuracy of 91.4% and an interquartile range of 88.9-95.0% in studies reporting single-value accuracy metrics. Deep learning approaches tended to achieve slightly higher performance than traditional machine learning models. AI shows considerable potential to support forensic personal identification, particularly in imaging-based applications. However, methodological heterogeneity, population-specific datasets, and limited external validation remain important challenges. Future research should prioritize standardized validation protocols, multi-population datasets, and transparent reporting to ensure the forensic applicability of AI-based identification systems. (© 2026. The Author(s).) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and ethical standards: This study is a systematic review of published literature and did not involve new human participants or biological samples. Therefore, approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required. Human ethics and consent to participate declaration: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
| References: | Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jul;139(4):1835-1850. (PMID: 40047854) Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2409-2421. (PMID: 34459973) Forensic Sci Int. 2025 Aug;373:112532. (PMID: 40527270) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):2169-2179. (PMID: 38763925) Sci Justice. 2021 Nov;61(6):789-796. (PMID: 34802653) Malays J Med Sci. 2023 Dec;30(6):5-21. (PMID: 38239252) Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Aug;301:6-11. (PMID: 31128410) Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Mar;21(1):203-209. (PMID: 38795264) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2617-2623. (PMID: 38862820) Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Nov 30;223(1-3):373.e1-13. (PMID: 22980142) Int J Legal Med. 2015 Sep;129(5):1145-53. (PMID: 25053239) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):2147-2155. (PMID: 38760564) Forensic Sci Int. 2020 Oct;315:110441. (PMID: 32781389) Clin Ter. 2024 Jul-Aug;175(Suppl 2(4)):192-195. (PMID: 39101424) Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):983-995. (PMID: 41136625) Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Nov 19;15(22):. (PMID: 41300947) Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Aug 15;14(16):. (PMID: 39202266) Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1395-1408. (PMID: 39856332) Forensic Sci Res. 2022 Feb 17;7(3):540-549. (PMID: 36353321) Int J Legal Med. 2015 May;129(3):651-9. (PMID: 25186617) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 May;56:102043. (PMID: 35183842) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):1891-1905. (PMID: 38594499) Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Jun;21(2):628-639. (PMID: 39969760) Int J Legal Med. 2025 Mar;139(2):863-873. (PMID: 39627577) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Nov;79:102731. (PMID: 41075534) BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. (PMID: 33782057) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 May;75:102630. (PMID: 40349523) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Apr;74:102611. (PMID: 40107076) Int J Legal Med. 2023 Mar;137(2):471-485. (PMID: 36205796) J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2023 Aug 27;41(2):30-41. (PMID: 37634174) Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Dec 10;14(24):. (PMID: 39767134) Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Dec 22;10(1):. (PMID: 35052173) Int J Legal Med. 2020 Sep;134(5):1927-1937. (PMID: 32504147) Int J Legal Med. 2023 May;137(3):925-934. (PMID: 36826526) Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2603-2613. (PMID: 34554326) Forensic Sci Res. 2022 Mar 9;7(3):456-466. (PMID: 36353329) Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2020 Jan;44:102162. (PMID: 31604203) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 Mar;67:102383. (PMID: 38159420) J Forensic Sci. 2025 Sep;70(5):1653-1669. (PMID: 40616150) Sci Justice. 2025 Sep;65(5):101315. (PMID: 40930679) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2595-2605. (PMID: 38856752) J Forensic Leg Med. 2019 Feb;62:40-43. (PMID: 30639854) J Forensic Leg Med. 2023 Jul;97:102546. (PMID: 37307776) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Apr;82:102808. (PMID: 41687395) Int J Legal Med. 2024 May;138(3):1193-1203. (PMID: 38252284) J Forensic Leg Med. 2026 Feb;118:103070. (PMID: 41485422) J Forensic Leg Med. 2024 Oct;107:102756. (PMID: 39357325) Med Sci Law. 2023 Jan;63(1):14-21. (PMID: 35306907) J Forensic Leg Med. 2025 Aug;114:102912. (PMID: 40499485) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 Jul;57:102056. (PMID: 35430525) Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2023 Dec;19(4):534-540. (PMID: 36773213) Sci Justice. 2022 May;62(3):288-309. (PMID: 35598923) Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Apr;297:364-369. (PMID: 30879959) J Forensic Sci. 2025 May;70(3):854-867. (PMID: 40135464) Int J Legal Med. 2017 May;131(3):823-833. (PMID: 27571939) Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Mar;344:111576. (PMID: 36758339) Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):1009-1017. (PMID: 41317292) Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jan;139(1):393-409. (PMID: 39327330) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 May;68:102421. (PMID: 38401334) J Forensic Sci. 2023 Nov;68(6):2057-2064. (PMID: 37746788) J Forensic Sci. 2026 May;71(3):1224-1234. (PMID: 41656750) Torture. 2025 May 16;35(1):. (PMID: 40434701) Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2025 Jun;78:103256. (PMID: 40073753) Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Oct;303:109955. (PMID: 31541936) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 Sep;70:102476. (PMID: 38964075) Sci Justice. 2024 Mar;64(2):210-215. (PMID: 38431378) J Forensic Sci. 2026 Mar;71(2):668-682. (PMID: 41320966) J Forensic Sci. 2015 Sep;60(5):1129-34. (PMID: 26258641) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2023 Mar;61:102211. (PMID: 36738551) J Forensic Sci. 2020 May;65(3):921-929. (PMID: 31725188) Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2024 Mar;69:102994. (PMID: 38086200) Int J Legal Med. 2023 Nov;137(6):1887-1895. (PMID: 37526736) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Apr;74:102601. (PMID: 40015186) Med Sci Law. 2022 Oct;62(4):261-268. (PMID: 35139683) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Feb;80:102764. (PMID: 41401747) Forensic Sci Int. 2025 Sep;374:112531. (PMID: 40544576) Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2024;74(1):64-76. (PMID: 39450596) Med Sci Law. 2024 Jan;64(1):8-14. (PMID: 37063071) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Jul;138(4):1381-1390. (PMID: 38316656) Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1371-1380. (PMID: 39495285) Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2024 Mar 1;45(1):51-62. (PMID: 38039501) Med Sci Law. 2026 Apr;66(2):174-179. (PMID: 40971618) Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2659-2666. (PMID: 34269895) J Forensic Leg Med. 2023 Nov;100:102614. (PMID: 37976962) Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 1;15(1):42872. (PMID: 41326454) Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 Nov;59:102143. (PMID: 36084487) Int J Legal Med. 2022 Jul;136(4):1067-1074. (PMID: 35022840) Naturwissenschaften. 2023 Feb 20;110(2):8. (PMID: 36807002) Int J Legal Med. 2024 Jul;138(4):1741-1757. (PMID: 38467754) Int J Legal Med. 2026 Jan;140(1):477-488. (PMID: 41091208) Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Jul;348:111704. (PMID: 37094502) Int J Legal Med. 2020 Nov;134(6):2239-2259. (PMID: 32820357) Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1381-1393. (PMID: 39853362) Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Feb;380:112820. (PMID: 41546940) J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2021 Sep-Dec;25(3):543-547. (PMID: 35281159) J Forensic Leg Med. 2020 Nov;76:102066. (PMID: 33032205) Clin Ter. 2024 May-Jun;175(3):193-202. (PMID: 38767078) Forensic Sci Int. 2020 Sep;314:110416. (PMID: 32721824) |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Forensic anthropology; Forensic identification; Machine learning; Sex estimation |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260603 Date Completed: 20260822 Latest Revision: 20260903 |
| Update Code: | 20260903 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13499856 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s00414-026-03855-5 |
| PMID: | 42236556 |
| Database: | MEDLINE |
| FullText | Text: Availability: 0 CustomLinks: – Url: https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/s00414-026-03855-5 Name: EDS - Springer Nature Journals (s7799221) Category: fullText Text: View record at Springer – Url: https://resolver.ebsco.com/c/fiv2js/result?sid=EBSCO:cmedm&genre=article&issn=14371596&ISBN=&volume=140&issue=5&date=20260901&spage=3317&pages=3317-3329&title=International journal of legal medicine&atitle=Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20forensic%20science%3A%20a%20systematic%20review.%20Part%20I%3A%20personal%20identification.&aulast=Bugelli%20V&id=DOI:10.1007/s00414-026-03855-5 Name: Full Text Finder (for New FTF UI) (ns324271) Category: fullText Text: Full Text Finder MouseOverText: Full Text Finder |
|---|---|
| Header | DbId: cmedm DbLabel: MEDLINE An: 42236556 AccessLevel: 3 PubType: Academic Journal PubTypeId: academicJournal PreciseRelevancyScore: 0 |
| IllustrationInfo | |
| Items | – Name: Title Label: Title Group: Ti Data: Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part I: personal identification. – Name: Author Label: Authors Group: Au Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Bugelli+V%22">Bugelli V</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Calabrò+F%22">Calabrò F</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Donato+L%22">Donato L</searchLink>; University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cecchi+R%22">Cecchi R</searchLink>; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Camatti+J%22">Camatti J</searchLink>; University of Parma, Parma, Italy. jessika.camatti@unipr.it.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Di+Paolo+M%22">Di Paolo M</searchLink>; University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Franceschetti+L%22">Franceschetti L</searchLink>; University of Milano, Milan, Italy. – Name: TitleSource Label: Source Group: Src Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%229101456%22">International journal of legal medicine</searchLink> [Int J Legal Med] 2026 Sep; Vol. 140 (5), pp. 3317-3329. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 04. – Name: TypePub Label: Publication Type Group: TypPub Data: Journal Article; Systematic Review; Review – Name: Language Label: Language Group: Lang Data: English – Name: TitleSource Label: Journal Info Group: Src Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Springer+International%22">Springer International </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Germany <i>NLM ID: </i>9101456 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1437-1596 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2209379827%22">09379827 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>Int J Legal Med <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE – Name: PublisherInfo Label: Imprint Name(s) Group: PubInfo Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Heidelberg, FRG : Springer International, c1990- – Name: SubjectMESH Label: MeSH Terms Group: Su Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences%22">Forensic Sciences*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Forensic+Sciences+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Artificial+Intelligence%22">Artificial Intelligence*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Sex+Determination+Analysis%22">Sex Determination Analysis</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Deep+Learning%22">Deep Learning</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Forensic+Imaging%22">Forensic Imaging</searchLink> – Name: Abstract Label: Abstract Group: Ab Data: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising tool in forensic sciences, offering new opportunities for personal identification through automated analysis of biological and imaging data. AI-based approaches have been increasingly applied to tasks such as sex estimation, human identification, ancestry estimation, and kinship analysis. This systematic review aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the applications, methodological characteristics, and performance of AI models in forensic personal identification. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus following PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating AI applications for forensic identification were included. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, dataset type, AI model architecture, forensic task, validation strategy, and reported performance metrics. A total of 89 studies published between 2012 and 2026 met the inclusion criteria. The majority of studies focused on sex estimation (63%), followed by human identification, ancestry estimation, multi-task prediction, and kinship verification. Most studies relied on imaging datasets, particularly computed tomography and radiographic images. Deep learning models represented the most frequently used analytical approaches. Reported accuracy values were generally high, with a median accuracy of 91.4% and an interquartile range of 88.9-95.0% in studies reporting single-value accuracy metrics. Deep learning approaches tended to achieve slightly higher performance than traditional machine learning models. AI shows considerable potential to support forensic personal identification, particularly in imaging-based applications. However, methodological heterogeneity, population-specific datasets, and limited external validation remain important challenges. Future research should prioritize standardized validation protocols, multi-population datasets, and transparent reporting to ensure the forensic applicability of AI-based identification systems.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).) – Name: Abstract Label: Competing Interests Group: Ab Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and ethical standards: This study is a systematic review of published literature and did not involve new human participants or biological samples. Therefore, approval from an institutional review board or ethics committee was not required. Human ethics and consent to participate declaration: Not applicable. Clinical trial number: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. – Name: Ref Label: References Group: RefInfo Data: Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jul;139(4):1835-1850. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240047854%22">40047854)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2409-2421. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234459973%22">34459973)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2025 Aug;373:112532. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240527270%22">40527270)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):2169-2179. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238763925%22">38763925)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2021 Nov;61(6):789-796. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234802653%22">34802653)</searchLink><br />Malays J Med Sci. 2023 Dec;30(6):5-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238239252%22">38239252)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Aug;301:6-11. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231128410%22">31128410)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Mar;21(1):203-209. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238795264%22">38795264)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2617-2623. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238862820%22">38862820)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2012 Nov 30;223(1-3):373.e1-13. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222980142%22">22980142)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2015 Sep;129(5):1145-53. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225053239%22">25053239)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):2147-2155. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238760564%22">38760564)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2020 Oct;315:110441. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232781389%22">32781389)</searchLink><br />Clin Ter. 2024 Jul-Aug;175(Suppl 2(4)):192-195. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239101424%22">39101424)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):983-995. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241136625%22">41136625)</searchLink><br />Diagnostics (Basel). 2025 Nov 19;15(22):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241300947%22">41300947)</searchLink><br />Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Aug 15;14(16):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239202266%22">39202266)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1395-1408. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239856332%22">39856332)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Res. 2022 Feb 17;7(3):540-549. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236353321%22">36353321)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2015 May;129(3):651-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225186617%22">25186617)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 May;56:102043. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235183842%22">35183842)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Sep;138(5):1891-1905. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238594499%22">38594499)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025 Jun;21(2):628-639. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239969760%22">39969760)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 Mar;139(2):863-873. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239627577%22">39627577)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Nov;79:102731. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241075534%22">41075534)</searchLink><br />BMJ. 2021 Mar 29;372:n71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233782057%22">33782057)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 May;75:102630. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240349523%22">40349523)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Apr;74:102611. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240107076%22">40107076)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2023 Mar;137(2):471-485. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236205796%22">36205796)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Odontostomatol. 2023 Aug 27;41(2):30-41. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237634174%22">37634174)</searchLink><br />Diagnostics (Basel). 2024 Dec 10;14(24):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239767134%22">39767134)</searchLink><br />Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Dec 22;10(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235052173%22">35052173)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2020 Sep;134(5):1927-1937. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232504147%22">32504147)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2023 May;137(3):925-934. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236826526%22">36826526)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2603-2613. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234554326%22">34554326)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Res. 2022 Mar 9;7(3):456-466. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236353329%22">36353329)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2020 Jan;44:102162. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231604203%22">31604203)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 Mar;67:102383. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238159420%22">38159420)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2025 Sep;70(5):1653-1669. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240616150%22">40616150)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2025 Sep;65(5):101315. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240930679%22">40930679)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Nov;138(6):2595-2605. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238856752%22">38856752)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2019 Feb;62:40-43. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230639854%22">30639854)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2023 Jul;97:102546. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237307776%22">37307776)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Apr;82:102808. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241687395%22">41687395)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 May;138(3):1193-1203. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238252284%22">38252284)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2026 Feb;118:103070. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241485422%22">41485422)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2024 Oct;107:102756. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239357325%22">39357325)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Law. 2023 Jan;63(1):14-21. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235306907%22">35306907)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2025 Aug;114:102912. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240499485%22">40499485)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 Jul;57:102056. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235430525%22">35430525)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2023 Dec;19(4):534-540. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236773213%22">36773213)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2022 May;62(3):288-309. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235598923%22">35598923)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Apr;297:364-369. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230879959%22">30879959)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2025 May;70(3):854-867. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240135464%22">40135464)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2017 May;131(3):823-833. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227571939%22">27571939)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Mar;344:111576. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236758339%22">36758339)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2026 Mar;140(2):1009-1017. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241317292%22">41317292)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 Jan;139(1):393-409. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239327330%22">39327330)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 May;68:102421. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238401334%22">38401334)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2023 Nov;68(6):2057-2064. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237746788%22">37746788)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2026 May;71(3):1224-1234. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241656750%22">41656750)</searchLink><br />Torture. 2025 May 16;35(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240434701%22">40434701)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2025 Jun;78:103256. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240073753%22">40073753)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2019 Oct;303:109955. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231541936%22">31541936)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2024 Sep;70:102476. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238964075%22">38964075)</searchLink><br />Sci Justice. 2024 Mar;64(2):210-215. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238431378%22">38431378)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2026 Mar;71(2):668-682. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241320966%22">41320966)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2015 Sep;60(5):1129-34. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226258641%22">26258641)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2023 Mar;61:102211. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236738551%22">36738551)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Sci. 2020 May;65(3):921-929. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231725188%22">31725188)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2024 Mar;69:102994. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238086200%22">38086200)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2023 Nov;137(6):1887-1895. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237526736%22">37526736)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2025 Apr;74:102601. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240015186%22">40015186)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Law. 2022 Oct;62(4):261-268. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235139683%22">35139683)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2026 Feb;80:102764. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241401747%22">41401747)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2025 Sep;374:112531. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240544576%22">40544576)</searchLink><br />Arch Med Sadowej Kryminol. 2024;74(1):64-76. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239450596%22">39450596)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Law. 2024 Jan;64(1):8-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237063071%22">37063071)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Jul;138(4):1381-1390. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238316656%22">38316656)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1371-1380. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239495285%22">39495285)</searchLink><br />Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2024 Mar 1;45(1):51-62. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238039501%22">38039501)</searchLink><br />Med Sci Law. 2026 Apr;66(2):174-179. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240971618%22">40971618)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2021 Nov;135(6):2659-2666. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234269895%22">34269895)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2023 Nov;100:102614. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237976962%22">37976962)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2025 Dec 1;15(1):42872. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241326454%22">41326454)</searchLink><br />Leg Med (Tokyo). 2022 Nov;59:102143. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236084487%22">36084487)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2022 Jul;136(4):1067-1074. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235022840%22">35022840)</searchLink><br />Naturwissenschaften. 2023 Feb 20;110(2):8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236807002%22">36807002)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2024 Jul;138(4):1741-1757. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238467754%22">38467754)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2026 Jan;140(1):477-488. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241091208%22">41091208)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2023 Jul;348:111704. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237094502%22">37094502)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2020 Nov;134(6):2239-2259. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232820357%22">32820357)</searchLink><br />Int J Legal Med. 2025 May;139(3):1381-1393. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239853362%22">39853362)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2026 Feb;380:112820. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241546940%22">41546940)</searchLink><br />J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2021 Sep-Dec;25(3):543-547. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235281159%22">35281159)</searchLink><br />J Forensic Leg Med. 2020 Nov;76:102066. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233032205%22">33032205)</searchLink><br />Clin Ter. 2024 May-Jun;175(3):193-202. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238767078%22">38767078)</searchLink><br />Forensic Sci Int. 2020 Sep;314:110416. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232721824%22">32721824)</searchLink> – Name: SubjectMinor Label: Contributed Indexing Group: Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Artificial intelligence; Deep learning; Forensic anthropology; Forensic identification; Machine learning; Sex estimation – Name: DateEntry Label: Entry Date(s) Group: Date Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260603 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260822 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260903 – Name: DateUpdate Label: Update Code Group: Date Data: 20260903 – Name: PubmedCentralID Label: PubMed Central ID Group: ID Data: PMC13499856 – Name: DOI Label: DOI Group: ID Data: 10.1007/s00414-026-03855-5 – Name: AN Label: PMID Group: ID Data: 42236556 |
| PLink | https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42236556 |
| RecordInfo | BibRecord: BibEntity: Identifiers: – Type: doi Value: 10.1007/s00414-026-03855-5 Languages: – Code: eng Text: English PhysicalDescription: Pagination: StartPage: 3317 Subjects: – SubjectFull: Humans Type: general – SubjectFull: Sex Determination Analysis Type: general – SubjectFull: Deep Learning Type: general – SubjectFull: Forensic Imaging Type: general – SubjectFull: Forensic Sciences methods Type: general – SubjectFull: Artificial Intelligence Type: general Titles: – TitleFull: Artificial intelligence in forensic science: a systematic review. Part I: personal identification. Type: main BibRelationships: HasContributorRelationships: – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Bugelli V – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Calabrò F – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Donato L – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Cecchi R – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Camatti J – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Di Paolo M – PersonEntity: Name: NameFull: Franceschetti L IsPartOfRelationships: – BibEntity: Dates: – D: 01 M: 09 Text: 2026 Sep Type: published Y: 2026 Identifiers: – Type: issn-electronic Value: 1437-1596 Numbering: – Type: volume Value: 140 – Type: issue Value: 5 Titles: – TitleFull: International journal of legal medicine Type: main |
| ResultId | 1 |