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Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment.

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Τίτλος: Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment.
Συγγραφείς: Rahman FA; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran., Nazari F; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran. f.nazari@uok.ac.ir., Javadi T; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran., Farahmand H; Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. of Iran.
Πηγή: BMC plant biology [BMC Plant Biol] 2026 Jun 01; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 01.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967807 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2229 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712229 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Plant Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Fritillaria*/growth & development , Fritillaria*/drug effects , Fritillaria*/metabolism , Fritillaria*/anatomy & histology , Nitrates*/pharmacology , Potassium Compounds*/pharmacology , Plant Roots*/drug effects , Plant Roots*/growth & development , Plant Roots*/anatomy & histology , Plant Roots*/metabolism, Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Flowers/growth & development ; Flowers/drug effects
Περίληψη: Background: Crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) is a spring-flowering bulbous plant with potential for both landscaping and cut flower production. Its successful establishment, growth, and development are influenced by bulb size and pre-planting treatments. However, despite the ornamental and commercial value of this species, no comprehensive studies have investigated the combined effects of bulb size and KNO3 treatments on its morphological and biochemical responses. Therefore, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the interaction of three bulb size levels (small, medium, and large) and three KNO3 concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 mg L⁻¹).
Results: The results of two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between bulb size and KNO3 treatments for most measured characteristics, except for bulb sprouting percentage, number of leaves, and flowering stem diameter. Medium and large bulbs produced more leaves than small bulbs. Large bulbs treated with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO3 exhibited the highest leaf fresh weight (76.50 g plant- 1), leaf dry weight (6.19 g plant- 1), flowering stem fresh weight (176.19 g), and flowering stem dry weight (14.65 g), along with the longest flowering stems (83.50 cm) and the greatest flower longevity (46 days). They also showed the highest content of chlorophyll a (5.64 mg g- 1 FW), b (2.73 mg g- 1 FW), and total (8.36 mg g- 1 FW), carotenoids (2.39 mg g- 1 FW), and total soluble proteins (87 mg g- 1 FW). The highest flowering percentage (88.89%) and number of florets per inflorescence (4.88) were observed in large bulbs treated with 1000 mg L⁻¹ KNO3. The highest peroxidase activity (36.10 units min- 1 mg- 1 protein) was recorded in untreated large bulbs, while the highest superoxide dismutase activity (1.36 units min- 1 mg- 1 protein) was found in untreated small bulbs. Heat map and PCA analysis revealed that bulb size had a greater impact on overall plant performance than the KNO3 treatment.
Conclusion: Therefore, we recommend treating medium or large bulbs with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO3 as an effective agronomic strategy for cultivating crown imperial. This practice enhances physiological status, as reflected by reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and optimizes resource allocation for improved vegetative and reproductive growth.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The collection of mother bulbs of crown imperial from their natural habitat in Ilam Province, Iran, was carried out in accordance with applicable national and international regulations, including guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Prior authorization for bulb collection was granted by the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province, Iran, the competent authority overseeing public lands in the study area. Flowering specimens were identified by Mr. Hossein Maroofi, Herbarium Officer at the Herbarium of the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, where voucher specimens were deposited under accession number HUK-562. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: ScientificWorldJournal. 2021 Nov 5;2021:7351873. (PMID: 34776795)
ACS Omega. 2023 Sep 19;8(39):35975-35987. (PMID: 37810652)
Plants (Basel). 2021 Apr 30;10(5):. (PMID: 33946167)
Plant Cell. 2003 Jul;15(7):1591-604. (PMID: 12837949)
Plant Physiol. 2009 Feb;149(2):949-60. (PMID: 19074630)
BMC Plant Biol. 2024 Jun 26;24(1):606. (PMID: 38926658)
Biomolecules. 2019 Dec 30;10(1):. (PMID: 31905962)
Plants (Basel). 2021 Feb 23;10(2):. (PMID: 33672415)
Plants (Basel). 2024 Apr 17;13(8):. (PMID: 38674534)
PLoS One. 2024 May 17;19(5):e0303264. (PMID: 38758743)
Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 29;12(1):6995. (PMID: 35488043)
Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jul 28;23(15):. (PMID: 35955483)
Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248-54. (PMID: 942051)
Plant Physiol. 2006 May;141(1):97-107. (PMID: 16543410)
Anal Biochem. 1987 Mar;161(2):559-66. (PMID: 3034103)
BMC Plant Biol. 2023 Jan 6;23(1):12. (PMID: 36604620)
Nanoscale Horiz. 2024 Sep 23;9(10):1630-1682. (PMID: 39018043)
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Aug 30;25(17):. (PMID: 39273407)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Bulb treatment; Bulbous plants; Flower longevity; Landscape
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Nitrates)
RU45X2JN0Z (potassium nitrate)
0 (Potassium Compounds)
1406-65-1 (Chlorophyll)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260602 Date Completed: 20260807 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13449575
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-09120-6
PMID: 42226162
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO<subscript>3</subscript>) treatment.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Rahman+FA%22">Rahman FA</searchLink>; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Nazari+F%22">Nazari F</searchLink>; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran. f.nazari@uok.ac.ir.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Javadi+T%22">Javadi T</searchLink>; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Farahmand+H%22">Farahmand H</searchLink>; Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. of Iran.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22100967807%22">BMC plant biology</searchLink> [BMC Plant Biol] 2026 Jun 01; Vol. 26 (1). <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Jun 01.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Background: Crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) is a spring-flowering bulbous plant with potential for both landscaping and cut flower production. Its successful establishment, growth, and development are influenced by bulb size and pre-planting treatments. However, despite the ornamental and commercial value of this species, no comprehensive studies have investigated the combined effects of bulb size and KNO<subscript>3</subscript> treatments on its morphological and biochemical responses. Therefore, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the interaction of three bulb size levels (small, medium, and large) and three KNO<subscript>3</subscript> concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 mg L⁻¹).<br />Results: The results of two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between bulb size and KNO<subscript>3</subscript> treatments for most measured characteristics, except for bulb sprouting percentage, number of leaves, and flowering stem diameter. Medium and large bulbs produced more leaves than small bulbs. Large bulbs treated with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO<subscript>3</subscript> exhibited the highest leaf fresh weight (76.50 g plant<superscript>- 1</superscript>), leaf dry weight (6.19 g plant<superscript>- 1</superscript>), flowering stem fresh weight (176.19 g), and flowering stem dry weight (14.65 g), along with the longest flowering stems (83.50 cm) and the greatest flower longevity (46 days). They also showed the highest content of chlorophyll a (5.64 mg g<superscript>- 1</superscript> FW), b (2.73 mg g<superscript>- 1</superscript> FW), and total (8.36 mg g<superscript>- 1</superscript> FW), carotenoids (2.39 mg g<superscript>- 1</superscript> FW), and total soluble proteins (87 mg g<superscript>- 1</superscript> FW). The highest flowering percentage (88.89%) and number of florets per inflorescence (4.88) were observed in large bulbs treated with 1000 mg L⁻¹ KNO<subscript>3</subscript>. The highest peroxidase activity (36.10 units min<superscript>- 1</superscript> mg<superscript>- 1</superscript> protein) was recorded in untreated large bulbs, while the highest superoxide dismutase activity (1.36 units min<superscript>- 1</superscript> mg<superscript>- 1</superscript> protein) was found in untreated small bulbs. Heat map and PCA analysis revealed that bulb size had a greater impact on overall plant performance than the KNO<subscript>3</subscript> treatment.<br />Conclusion: Therefore, we recommend treating medium or large bulbs with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO<subscript>3</subscript> as an effective agronomic strategy for cultivating crown imperial. This practice enhances physiological status, as reflected by reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and optimizes resource allocation for improved vegetative and reproductive growth.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The collection of mother bulbs of crown imperial from their natural habitat in Ilam Province, Iran, was carried out in accordance with applicable national and international regulations, including guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Prior authorization for bulb collection was granted by the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province, Iran, the competent authority overseeing public lands in the study area. Flowering specimens were identified by Mr. Hossein Maroofi, Herbarium Officer at the Herbarium of the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, where voucher specimens were deposited under accession number HUK-562. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: ScientificWorldJournal. 2021 Nov 5;2021:7351873. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234776795%22">34776795)</searchLink><br />ACS Omega. 2023 Sep 19;8(39):35975-35987. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237810652%22">37810652)</searchLink><br />Plants (Basel). 2021 Apr 30;10(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233946167%22">33946167)</searchLink><br />Plant Cell. 2003 Jul;15(7):1591-604. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212837949%22">12837949)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol. 2009 Feb;149(2):949-60. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219074630%22">19074630)</searchLink><br />BMC Plant Biol. 2024 Jun 26;24(1):606. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238926658%22">38926658)</searchLink><br />Biomolecules. 2019 Dec 30;10(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231905962%22">31905962)</searchLink><br />Plants (Basel). 2021 Feb 23;10(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233672415%22">33672415)</searchLink><br />Plants (Basel). 2024 Apr 17;13(8):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238674534%22">38674534)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2024 May 17;19(5):e0303264. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238758743%22">38758743)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2022 Apr 29;12(1):6995. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235488043%22">35488043)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Jul 28;23(15):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235955483%22">35955483)</searchLink><br />Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248-54. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%22942051%22">942051)</searchLink><br />Plant Physiol. 2006 May;141(1):97-107. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216543410%22">16543410)</searchLink><br />Anal Biochem. 1987 Mar;161(2):559-66. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%223034103%22">3034103)</searchLink><br />BMC Plant Biol. 2023 Jan 6;23(1):12. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236604620%22">36604620)</searchLink><br />Nanoscale Horiz. 2024 Sep 23;9(10):1630-1682. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239018043%22">39018043)</searchLink><br />Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Aug 30;25(17):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239273407%22">39273407)</searchLink>
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        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Chlorophyll metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant Leaves drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plant Leaves growth & development
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      – TitleFull: Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment.
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