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Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment.

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Τίτλος: Growth and biochemical responses of crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) to bulb size and potassium nitrate (KNO3) treatment.
Συγγραφείς: Rahman FA; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran., Nazari F; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran. f.nazari@uok.ac.ir., Javadi T; Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, I. R. of Iran., Farahmand H; Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, I. R. of Iran.
Πηγή: BMC plant biology [BMC Plant Biol] 2026 Jun 01; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Jun 01.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967807 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2229 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712229 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Plant Biol Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Fritillaria*/growth & development , Fritillaria*/drug effects , Fritillaria*/metabolism , Fritillaria*/anatomy & histology , Nitrates*/pharmacology , Potassium Compounds*/pharmacology , Plant Roots*/drug effects , Plant Roots*/growth & development , Plant Roots*/anatomy & histology , Plant Roots*/metabolism, Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/drug effects ; Plant Leaves/growth & development ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Flowers/growth & development ; Flowers/drug effects
Περίληψη: Background: Crown imperial (Fritillaria imperialis L.) is a spring-flowering bulbous plant with potential for both landscaping and cut flower production. Its successful establishment, growth, and development are influenced by bulb size and pre-planting treatments. However, despite the ornamental and commercial value of this species, no comprehensive studies have investigated the combined effects of bulb size and KNO3 treatments on its morphological and biochemical responses. Therefore, this study aimed to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the interaction of three bulb size levels (small, medium, and large) and three KNO3 concentrations (0, 500, and 1000 mg L⁻¹).
Results: The results of two-way ANOVA indicated a significant interaction between bulb size and KNO3 treatments for most measured characteristics, except for bulb sprouting percentage, number of leaves, and flowering stem diameter. Medium and large bulbs produced more leaves than small bulbs. Large bulbs treated with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO3 exhibited the highest leaf fresh weight (76.50 g plant- 1), leaf dry weight (6.19 g plant- 1), flowering stem fresh weight (176.19 g), and flowering stem dry weight (14.65 g), along with the longest flowering stems (83.50 cm) and the greatest flower longevity (46 days). They also showed the highest content of chlorophyll a (5.64 mg g- 1 FW), b (2.73 mg g- 1 FW), and total (8.36 mg g- 1 FW), carotenoids (2.39 mg g- 1 FW), and total soluble proteins (87 mg g- 1 FW). The highest flowering percentage (88.89%) and number of florets per inflorescence (4.88) were observed in large bulbs treated with 1000 mg L⁻¹ KNO3. The highest peroxidase activity (36.10 units min- 1 mg- 1 protein) was recorded in untreated large bulbs, while the highest superoxide dismutase activity (1.36 units min- 1 mg- 1 protein) was found in untreated small bulbs. Heat map and PCA analysis revealed that bulb size had a greater impact on overall plant performance than the KNO3 treatment.
Conclusion: Therefore, we recommend treating medium or large bulbs with 500 mg L⁻¹ KNO3 as an effective agronomic strategy for cultivating crown imperial. This practice enhances physiological status, as reflected by reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and optimizes resource allocation for improved vegetative and reproductive growth.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The collection of mother bulbs of crown imperial from their natural habitat in Ilam Province, Iran, was carried out in accordance with applicable national and international regulations, including guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Prior authorization for bulb collection was granted by the General Directorate of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of Ilam Province, Iran, the competent authority overseeing public lands in the study area. Flowering specimens were identified by Mr. Hossein Maroofi, Herbarium Officer at the Herbarium of the University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran, where voucher specimens were deposited under accession number HUK-562. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
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Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Bulb treatment; Bulbous plants; Flower longevity; Landscape
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Nitrates)
RU45X2JN0Z (potassium nitrate)
0 (Potassium Compounds)
1406-65-1 (Chlorophyll)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260602 Date Completed: 20260807 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13449575
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-026-09120-6
PMID: 42226162
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
Περιγραφή
ISSN:1471-2229
DOI:10.1186/s12870-026-09120-6