Academic Journal
Impact of urban heat island and cool island on chlorine residual, DBPs and microbial indicators in drinking water distribution system.
| Τίτλος: | Impact of urban heat island and cool island on chlorine residual, DBPs and microbial indicators in drinking water distribution system. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Palma L; Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada. Electronic address: ludovica.palma@polymtl.ca., Ortiz C; Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada., Hatam F; Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada., Besner MC; Water Services, City of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 0G4, Canada., Nardo AD; Department of Engineering, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Aversa 81031, Italy., Prévost M; Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada. |
| Πηγή: | Water research [Water Res] 2026 Sep 15; Vol. 303, pp. 126143. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 20. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: Pergamon Press Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0105072 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1879-2448 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00431354 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Water Res Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: Oxford, Pergamon Press. |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Drinking Water*/microbiology , Chlorine*, Seasons ; Water Supply ; Water Quality ; Cities ; Hot Temperature ; Temperature ; Disinfection ; Disinfectants |
| Περίληψη: | Urbanization and climate change affect subsurface thermal conditions, yet the impact of contrasting urban thermal environments-urban heat islands (UHIs) versus cool islands (CIs)-on drinking water quality remains poorly characterized. This study compared water temperature and quality in two thermally distinct districts in Montréal, Canada, through fifteen sampling events (June-November 2024) spanning spring, summer, and fall. Event-specific hydraulic modeling was coupled with field measurements of temperature, free chlorine, microbial indicators (ATP, total cell counts), and disinfection by-products (DBPs) to estimate water age and chlorine consumption. The CI exhibited greater thermal buffering, with 26% of warm-season samples cooling >3°C versus 3% in the UHI. However, free chlorine frequently fell below the 0.2 mg/L threshold in both districts (40% CI, 45% UHI in summer). Residuals below 0.2 mg/L systematically coincided with elevated microbial indicators, confirming this threshold as critical for microbial control. Chlorine consumption was higher in the UHI during warm periods at short-to-moderate residence times, reflecting thermal amplification of decay. DBPs exhibited strong seasonal patterns (summer > spring > fall) but no systematic district separation. Multivariate analysis confirmed that disinfectant residuals and residence time dominate microbial and DBP behavior, with temperature acting as a secondary amplifying factor. These results demonstrate that urban thermal environments interact with hydraulic and operational factors to influence water quality, with entry-point management remaining critical regardless of local thermal conditions. This study underscores the need for integrated field-model approaches to support climate-resilient drinking water management under intensifying urbanization and warming. (Copyright © 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.) |
| Competing Interests: | Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. |
| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Climate change; Global warming; Hydraulic modeling; Water distribution network; Water quality |
| Substance Nomenclature: | 4R7X1O2820 (Chlorine) 0 (Drinking Water) 0 (Disinfectants) |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260529 Date Completed: 20260709 Latest Revision: 20260709 |
| Update Code: | 20260709 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.watres.2026.126143 |
| PMID: | 42214269 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1879-2448 |
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| DOI: | 10.1016/j.watres.2026.126143 |