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Beyond the Bud: new cannabis products and modes of consumption in Ontario, Canada's legal hybrid market.

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Title: Beyond the Bud: new cannabis products and modes of consumption in Ontario, Canada's legal hybrid market.
Authors: Noël C; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada., Dookie S; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University. 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada., Scharf DM; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University. 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, 2085 Hurontario Street, Mississauga, Ontario, L5A 4G1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 371 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.
Source: Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy [Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy] 2026 May 28; Vol. 21 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 28.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101258060 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1747-597X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1747597X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, 2006-
MeSH Terms: Commerce*/statistics & numerical data , Commerce*/legislation & jurisprudence , Cannabis*, Dronabinol/administration & dosage ; Ontario ; Humans ; Legislation, Drug
Abstract: Background: Canada is home to a very active commercial legal cannabis market, offering insight into the opportunities and challenges posed by rapid cannabis commercialization under a hybrid regulatory model. This environmental scan provides a descriptive snapshot of available cannabis products, modes of consumption, and their advertised product potencies.
Methods: Researchers extracted cannabis product type, mode(s) of consumption, and drug (THC, CBD) potency information from the online inventories of ten large Ontario, Canada cannabis retailers. Products and modes were categorized according to Canadian Cannabis Survey (CCS) categories where applicable.
Results: Ontario retailers sell cannabis products including dried flower, hash/hashish, oils, vape pens, concentrates, edibles, beverages and topicals. Drug potencies varied within and across product types and were reported in non-standardized units. Modes of consumption included inhalation (smoking/vaping/dabbing of a range of flower and concentrate products), oral ingestion (eating, drinking), mucosal absorption (sublingual, vaginal) and topical, transdermal applications. We identified new products, terms, and features (e.g. multimodal products), not described in resources informed by the CCS.
Conclusions: Ontario's hybrid cannabis retail environment demonstrates substantial product and labeling diversity. These findings underscore the importance of adaptable surveillance frameworks capable of capturing evolving products, modes, and potency reporting practices. This scan offers a structured, replicable approach to monitoring cannabis product and mode trends in a rapidly evolving legal market context and may inform regulatory and public health discussions internationally.
Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: Government of Canada. Cannabis Act. S.C. 2018, c. 16. 2018. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-24.5/ . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Hall W, Stjepanović D, Dawson D, Leung J. The implementation and public health impacts of cannabis legalization in Canada: a systematic review. Addiction. 2023;118(11):2062–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16274 . (PMID: 10.1111/add.162743738061310953418)
Fischer B, Russell C, Rehm J, Leece P. Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: core outcome indicators towards an ‘index’ for monitoring and evaluation. J. Public Health. 2019;41(2):412–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy090 . (PMID: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy090)
Rubin-Kahana DS, Crépault JF, Matheson J, Le Foll B. The impact of cannabis legalization for recreational purposes on youth: a narrative review of the Canadian experience. Front. Psychiatry. 2022;13:984485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.984485 . (PMID: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.984485362139179539831)
Watson TM, Erickson PG. Cannabis legalization in Canada: how might ‘strict’ regulation impact youth? Drugs: Educ, Prev Policy. 2019;26(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2018.1482258 . (PMID: 10.1080/09687637.2018.1482258)
DeVillaer M. Cannabis legalization in Canada: the public health approach we did not get. Can J Addict. 2019;10(3):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/CXA.0000000000000064 . (PMID: 10.1097/CXA.0000000000000064)
Shanahan M, Cyrenne P. Cannabis policies in Canada: how will we know which is best? Int J Multiling Drug Policy. 2021;91:102668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.004 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.004)
Wadsworth E, Craft S, Calder R, Hammond D. Prevalence and use of cannabis products and routes of administration among youth and young adults in Canada and the United States: a systematic review. Addict Behav. 2022;129:107258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107258 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.10725835124565)
Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. Status of current cannabis retail store applications.2024. https://www.agco.ca/status-current-cannabis-retail-store-applications . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Lévesque G. Summary report: Cannabis policy implementation in Ontario. Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Tendances Addictives. 2022. https://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/astracan2022.pdf . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
MJBiz. Canadian recreational cannabis stores by province and territory. 2024. https://mjbizdaily.com/canadian-cannabis-stores-by-provinces-territories/ . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Ontario cannabis store. A quarterly review: July 1-September 30, 2021 [Internet]. 2022. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2636/1928/files/OCS-InsightsReport_Q2-2021_149b7580-b083-4cc0-8c92-bf2b3b59cb7f.pdf?v=1639588082 . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Myran DT, Staykov E, Cantor N, Taljaard M, Quach BI, Hawken S, et al. How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? An analysis of the cannabis retail market in Canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2022;41(2):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351 . (PMID: 10.1111/dar.1335134250645)
Struble CA, Ellis JD, Lundahl LH. Beyond the bud: emerging methods of cannabis consumption for youth. Pediatr Clinics N Am. 2019;66(6):1087–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.012 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.012)
Hammond D, Goodman S, Wadsworth E, Freeman TP, Kilmer B, Schauer G, et al. Trends in the use of cannabis products in Canada and the Usa, 2018 – 2020: findings from the international cannabis Policy study. Int J Multiling Drug Policy. 2022;105:103716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103716 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103716)
Bissett K. Industry looks for ‘creative ways’ to brand legalized marijuana. National Post [Internet]. 2018. http://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canadanews-pmn/industry-looks-for-creative-ways-to-brand-legalized-marijuana . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Noël C, Scharf D, Koné A, Armiento C, Dylan D. Cannabis advertising impacts on youth cannabis use intentions following recreational legalization in Canada: an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Addictive Behaviors. 2024;153:107981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107981 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.10798138367505)
Health Canada. Canadian cannabis survey, 2024: summary [Internet]. 2024. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2024-summary.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Langrand J, Dufayet L, Vodovar D. Marketing of legalised cannabis: a concern about poisoning. Lancet. 2019;394(10200):735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31118-3 . (PMID: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31118-331296340)
Leos-Toro C, Fong GT, Meyer SB, Hammond D. Cannabis labelling and consumer understanding of THC levels and serving sizes. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2020;208:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107843 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107843)
White AE, Van Tubbergen C, Raymes B, Contreras AE, Scallan Walter EJ. Cannabis-infused edible products in Colorado: food safety and public health implications. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(6):790–95. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601 . (PMID: 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601322981687204451)
Deschamps T. Pot shop sales data was ‘misappropriated,’ Ontario cannabis distributor says. CBC News [Internet]. 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/pot-shop-sales-data-misappropriated-ontario-1.6448936 . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA). A standard THC unit and its value in cannabis research, public education and regulation in Canada [Internet]. 2023. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2023-01/CCSA_Standard_THC_Unit_Event_Summary_Report_en.pdf . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Fire & Flower. Cherry kush disty dabber (BOXHOT distillate) [Internet]. 2025. https://fireandflower.com/products/cherry-kush-disty-dabber-boxhot-distillate?index=1%26well=shop_page_products . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.
Radparvar S. Clinical evaluation of the cannabis-using patient: a Moving target. TPJ. 2024;28(4):77–86. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/24.088 . (PMID: 10.7812/TPP/24.088)
Ammerman S, Ryan S, Adelman WP, Levy S, Gonzalez PK, Siqueira LM, et al. The impact of marijuana policies on youth: clinical, research, and legal update. Pediatrics. 2015;135(3):e769–85. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-4147 .
Kelsall D. Cannabis legislation fails to protect Canada’s youth. CMAJ. 2017;189(21):E737–8. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170555 .
Borodovsky JT, Lee DC, Crosier BS, Gabrielli JL, Sargent JD, Budney AJ. U.S. cannabis legalization and use of vaping and edible products among youth. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2017;177:299–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.02.017)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Cannabis; Cannabis use; Drug legislation; Prevention & control; Public policy
Substance Nomenclature: 7J8897W37S (Dronabinol)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260529 Date Completed: 20260730 Latest Revision: 20260801
Update Code: 20260801
PubMed Central ID: PMC13422286
DOI: 10.1186/s13011-026-00735-4
PMID: 42210285
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Beyond the Bud: new cannabis products and modes of consumption in Ontario, Canada's legal hybrid market.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Noël+C%22">Noël C</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dookie+S%22">Dookie S</searchLink>; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University. 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Scharf+DM%22">Scharf DM</searchLink>; Department of Psychology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Department of Health Sciences, Lakehead University. 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Institute for Better Health, Trillium Health Partners, 2085 Hurontario Street, Mississauga, Ontario, L5A 4G1, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.; Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, 371 Bloor Street West, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1V6, Canada. deborah.scharf@thp.ca.
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  Data: Background: Canada is home to a very active commercial legal cannabis market, offering insight into the opportunities and challenges posed by rapid cannabis commercialization under a hybrid regulatory model. This environmental scan provides a descriptive snapshot of available cannabis products, modes of consumption, and their advertised product potencies.<br />Methods: Researchers extracted cannabis product type, mode(s) of consumption, and drug (THC, CBD) potency information from the online inventories of ten large Ontario, Canada cannabis retailers. Products and modes were categorized according to Canadian Cannabis Survey (CCS) categories where applicable.<br />Results: Ontario retailers sell cannabis products including dried flower, hash/hashish, oils, vape pens, concentrates, edibles, beverages and topicals. Drug potencies varied within and across product types and were reported in non-standardized units. Modes of consumption included inhalation (smoking/vaping/dabbing of a range of flower and concentrate products), oral ingestion (eating, drinking), mucosal absorption (sublingual, vaginal) and topical, transdermal applications. We identified new products, terms, and features (e.g. multimodal products), not described in resources informed by the CCS.<br />Conclusions: Ontario's hybrid cannabis retail environment demonstrates substantial product and labeling diversity. These findings underscore the importance of adaptable surveillance frameworks capable of capturing evolving products, modes, and potency reporting practices. This scan offers a structured, replicable approach to monitoring cannabis product and mode trends in a rapidly evolving legal market context and may inform regulatory and public health discussions internationally.<br />Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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  Data: Government of Canada. Cannabis Act. S.C. 2018, c. 16. 2018. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-24.5/ . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Hall W, Stjepanović D, Dawson D, Leung J. The implementation and public health impacts of cannabis legalization in Canada: a systematic review. Addiction. 2023;118(11):2062–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.16274 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1111%2Fadd%2E162743738061310953418%22">10.1111/add.162743738061310953418)</searchLink><br />Fischer B, Russell C, Rehm J, Leece P. Assessing the public health impact of cannabis legalization in Canada: core outcome indicators towards an ‘index’ for monitoring and evaluation. J. Public Health. 2019;41(2):412–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy090 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1093%2Fpubmed%2Ffdy090%22">10.1093/pubmed/fdy090)</searchLink><br />Rubin-Kahana DS, Crépault JF, Matheson J, Le Foll B. The impact of cannabis legalization for recreational purposes on youth: a narrative review of the Canadian experience. Front. Psychiatry. 2022;13:984485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.984485 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E3389%2Ffpsyt%2E2022%2E984485362139179539831%22">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.984485362139179539831)</searchLink><br />Watson TM, Erickson PG. Cannabis legalization in Canada: how might ‘strict’ regulation impact youth? Drugs: Educ, Prev Policy. 2019;26(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2018.1482258 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1080%2F09687637%2E2018%2E1482258%22">10.1080/09687637.2018.1482258)</searchLink><br />DeVillaer M. Cannabis legalization in Canada: the public health approach we did not get. Can J Addict. 2019;10(3):51–59. https://doi.org/10.1097/CXA.0000000000000064 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1097%2FCXA%2E0000000000000064%22">10.1097/CXA.0000000000000064)</searchLink><br />Shanahan M, Cyrenne P. Cannabis policies in Canada: how will we know which is best? Int J Multiling Drug Policy. 2021;91:102668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.004 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Edrugpo%2E2019%2E09%2E004%22">10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.09.004)</searchLink><br />Wadsworth E, Craft S, Calder R, Hammond D. Prevalence and use of cannabis products and routes of administration among youth and young adults in Canada and the United States: a systematic review. Addict Behav. 2022;129:107258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107258 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eaddbeh%2E2022%2E10725835124565%22">10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.10725835124565)</searchLink><br />Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario. Status of current cannabis retail store applications.2024. https://www.agco.ca/status-current-cannabis-retail-store-applications . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Lévesque G. Summary report: Cannabis policy implementation in Ontario. Observatoire Français des Drogues et des Tendances Addictives. 2022. https://www.ofdt.fr/BDD/publications/docs/astracan2022.pdf . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />MJBiz. Canadian recreational cannabis stores by province and territory. 2024. https://mjbizdaily.com/canadian-cannabis-stores-by-provinces-territories/ . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Ontario cannabis store. A quarterly review: July 1-September 30, 2021 [Internet]. 2022. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/2636/1928/files/OCS-InsightsReport_Q2-2021_149b7580-b083-4cc0-8c92-bf2b3b59cb7f.pdf?v=1639588082 . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Myran DT, Staykov E, Cantor N, Taljaard M, Quach BI, Hawken S, et al. How has access to legal cannabis changed over time? An analysis of the cannabis retail market in Canada 2 years following the legalisation of recreational cannabis. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2022;41(2):377–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13351 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1111%2Fdar%2E1335134250645%22">10.1111/dar.1335134250645)</searchLink><br />Struble CA, Ellis JD, Lundahl LH. Beyond the bud: emerging methods of cannabis consumption for youth. Pediatr Clinics N Am. 2019;66(6):1087–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.012 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Epcl%2E2019%2E08%2E012%22">10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.012)</searchLink><br />Hammond D, Goodman S, Wadsworth E, Freeman TP, Kilmer B, Schauer G, et al. Trends in the use of cannabis products in Canada and the Usa, 2018 – 2020: findings from the international cannabis Policy study. Int J Multiling Drug Policy. 2022;105:103716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103716 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Edrugpo%2E2022%2E103716%22">10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103716)</searchLink><br />Bissett K. Industry looks for ‘creative ways’ to brand legalized marijuana. National Post [Internet]. 2018. http://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/canadanews-pmn/industry-looks-for-creative-ways-to-brand-legalized-marijuana . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Noël C, Scharf D, Koné A, Armiento C, Dylan D. Cannabis advertising impacts on youth cannabis use intentions following recreational legalization in Canada: an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Addictive Behaviors. 2024;153:107981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107981 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Eaddbeh%2E2024%2E10798138367505%22">10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.10798138367505)</searchLink><br />Health Canada. Canadian cannabis survey, 2024: summary [Internet]. 2024. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-medication/cannabis/research-data/canadian-cannabis-survey-2024-summary.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Langrand J, Dufayet L, Vodovar D. Marketing of legalised cannabis: a concern about poisoning. Lancet. 2019;394(10200):735. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31118-3 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2FS0140-6736%2819%2931118-331296340%22">10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31118-331296340)</searchLink><br />Leos-Toro C, Fong GT, Meyer SB, Hammond D. Cannabis labelling and consumer understanding of THC levels and serving sizes. Drug Alcohol Depen. 2020;208:107843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107843 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E1016%2Fj%2Edrugalcdep%2E2020%2E107843%22">10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107843)</searchLink><br />White AE, Van Tubbergen C, Raymes B, Contreras AE, Scallan Walter EJ. Cannabis-infused edible products in Colorado: food safety and public health implications. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(6):790–95. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601 . (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2210%2E2105%2FAJPH%2E2020%2E305601322981687204451%22">10.2105/AJPH.2020.305601322981687204451)</searchLink><br />Deschamps T. Pot shop sales data was ‘misappropriated,’ Ontario cannabis distributor says. CBC News [Internet]. 2022. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/pot-shop-sales-data-misappropriated-ontario-1.6448936 . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction (CCSA). A standard THC unit and its value in cannabis research, public education and regulation in Canada [Internet]. 2023. https://www.ccsa.ca/sites/default/files/2023-01/CCSA_Standard_THC_Unit_Event_Summary_Report_en.pdf . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Fire & Flower. Cherry kush disty dabber (BOXHOT distillate) [Internet]. 2025. https://fireandflower.com/products/cherry-kush-disty-dabber-boxhot-distillate?index=1%26well=shop_page_products . Accessed 1 Aug 2025.<br />Radparvar S. Clinical evaluation of the cannabis-using patient: a Moving target. TPJ. 2024;28(4):77–86. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/24.088 . 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        Text: English
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      – SubjectFull: Dronabinol administration & dosage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Ontario
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              Text: 2026 May 28
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