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The impact of perceived human and computer interaction on collaborative learning: insights from the Map Task.

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Τίτλος: The impact of perceived human and computer interaction on collaborative learning: insights from the Map Task.
Συγγραφείς: Crompton CJ; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK.; Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., Wolfe K; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK., Tullo A; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK., Hoffman P; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK., Wolters MK; School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK., MacPherson SE; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK. sarah.macpherson@ed.ac.uk.
Πηγή: Cognitive processing [Cogn Process] 2026 Aug; Vol. 27 (3), pp. 703-718. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 27.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101177984 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1612-4790 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16124782 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cogn Process Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2004->: Heidelburg : Springer Verlag
Original Publication: Lengerich : Pabst Science, 2000-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Aging*/physiology , Aging*/psychology , Learning*/physiology , Cooperative Behavior* , User-Computer Interface*, Mental Recall/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Aged ; Sense of Agency
Περίληψη: Learning new skills and information becomes more challenging as people get older, but learning collaboratively can provide benefits to learning in older age. Prior work has predominantly focused on improved learning in terms of accuracy and efficiency when interacting with another human compared to learning alone, while the potential benefits of a human learning with a computer are understudied. It has been reported that older adults learn more efficiently and accurately when they believe they are interacting with a human compared to a computer to perform the Barrier Task. In the current study, we examined the effect of agency on performance on the Map Task, a test that measures spatial cognition, where participants must orally collaborate to reproduce a route printed on one participant's map onto another's, and which is considered a more ecologically valid measure of real-life communication compared to other materials used to study collaborative learning. We used a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm, in which participants interacted with a computer system, but were told that they were interacting with either a human assistant or computer. Twenty-four older adult participants (aged 66-79 years) completed an adapted version of the Map Task with a (perceived) human partner or computer to plan and execute a route, doing so through conversation. Overall, participants engaged similarly with their human and computer partner, but recall was more accurate when the information had been provided by the human, compared to the computer. Participants' negative perceptions about the computer-provided information may have driven this effect. These findings may influence how voice-based learning systems are introduced to older end-users, and strategies for negotiating agency between the human user and the voice-based system, to influence collaborative learning in older age. Future work should attempt to replicate these findings in a larger sample.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
References: Int J Neurosci. 1998 Feb;93(1-2):151-62. (PMID: 9604177)
Trends Cogn Sci. 2010 Mar;14(3):138-46. (PMID: 20138795)
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2024 Nov;31(6):1106-1130. (PMID: 38445641)
Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2017 May-Jun;24(3):252-263. (PMID: 27088449)
Front Psychol. 2020 Oct 02;11:568972. (PMID: 33123050)
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2016 Jan 19;371(1686):20150075. (PMID: 26644594)
Psychol Aging. 2019 Jun;34(4):613-623. (PMID: 30973242)
Behav Brain Res. 2016 Jun 1;306:8-12. (PMID: 26965569)
BMC Public Health. 2021 Aug 17;21(1):1556. (PMID: 34399716)
J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2012 Oct;38(5):1073-1077. (PMID: 22866762)
Behav Brain Res. 2020 Jun 18;388:112646. (PMID: 32344039)
PLoS One. 2014 Apr 08;9(4):e94339. (PMID: 24714419)
Memory. 2015;23(4):612-24. (PMID: 24841619)
J Clin Psychol. 1993 Jan;49(1):54-60. (PMID: 8425935)
Gerontologist. 2019 Jan 9;59(1):34-44. (PMID: 30265294)
Brain Lang. 2008 Jul;106(1):41-54. (PMID: 18078671)
J Women Aging. 2021 Jul-Aug;33(4):411-427. (PMID: 34038325)
Memory. 2022 May;30(5):636-649. (PMID: 35193481)
Geriatr Nurs. 2022 Nov-Dec;48:247-257. (PMID: 36332440)
Br J Clin Psychol. 2007 Mar;46(Pt 1):35-45. (PMID: 17472200)
Neurobiol Aging. 2009 Apr;30(4):507-14. (PMID: 19231028)
J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2015 Jan;22(1):35-42. (PMID: 25080534)
Neuroimage. 2017 Feb 1;146:492-506. (PMID: 27659539)
Hum Factors. 1983 Feb;25(1):17-32. (PMID: 6840769)
R Soc Open Sci. 2023 Oct 4;10(10):211595. (PMID: 37800148)
PeerJ. 2017 Sep 20;5:e3819. (PMID: 28948104)
Ageing Res Rev. 2012 Jan;11(1):123-35. (PMID: 22085884)
Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Aug;14(8):496-506. (PMID: 29980763)
Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn. 2025 May;32(3):459-483. (PMID: 39615030)
J Cogn Neurosci. 2014 Nov;26(11):2503-13. (PMID: 24742157)
Cognition. 1986 Feb;22(1):1-39. (PMID: 3709088)
Heliyon. 2022 Dec 30;9(1):e12750. (PMID: 36685468)
Psychon Bull Rev. 2008 Feb;15(1):197-201. (PMID: 18605503)
Trends Cogn Sci. 2021 Mar;25(3):200-212. (PMID: 33384213)
Cognition. 2010 Aug;116(2):267-82. (PMID: 20570251)
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2021 Jan;212:103205. (PMID: 33202313)
Grant Information: PG-2020-035 Leverhulme Trust; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: aging; collaboration; empirical studies in accessibility; human-centered computing; human-computer interaction; learning; older adults; recall
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260527 Date Completed: 20260730 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13423963
DOI: 10.1007/s10339-026-01347-3
PMID: 42201504
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The impact of perceived human and computer interaction on collaborative learning: insights from the Map Task.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Crompton+CJ%22&quot;&gt;Crompton CJ&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK.; Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Wolfe+K%22&quot;&gt;Wolfe K&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Tullo+A%22&quot;&gt;Tullo A&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Hoffman+P%22&quot;&gt;Hoffman P&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Wolters+MK%22&quot;&gt;Wolters MK&lt;/searchLink&gt;; School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22MacPherson+SE%22&quot;&gt;MacPherson SE&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ , UK. sarah.macpherson@ed.ac.uk.
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  Data: Learning new skills and information becomes more challenging as people get older, but learning collaboratively can provide benefits to learning in older age. Prior work has predominantly focused on improved learning in terms of accuracy and efficiency when interacting with another human compared to learning alone, while the potential benefits of a human learning with a computer are understudied. It has been reported that older adults learn more efficiently and accurately when they believe they are interacting with a human compared to a computer to perform the Barrier Task. In the current study, we examined the effect of agency on performance on the Map Task, a test that measures spatial cognition, where participants must orally collaborate to reproduce a route printed on one participant&#39;s map onto another&#39;s, and which is considered a more ecologically valid measure of real-life communication compared to other materials used to study collaborative learning. We used a Wizard-of-Oz paradigm, in which participants interacted with a computer system, but were told that they were interacting with either a human assistant or computer. Twenty-four older adult participants (aged 66-79 years) completed an adapted version of the Map Task with a (perceived) human partner or computer to plan and execute a route, doing so through conversation. Overall, participants engaged similarly with their human and computer partner, but recall was more accurate when the information had been provided by the human, compared to the computer. Participants&#39; negative perceptions about the computer-provided information may have driven this effect. These findings may influence how voice-based learning systems are introduced to older end-users, and strategies for negotiating agency between the human user and the voice-based system, to influence collaborative learning in older age. Future work should attempt to replicate these findings in a larger sample.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026. The Author(s).)
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  Data: Declarations. Conflict of interest: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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(PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226644594%22&quot;&gt;26644594)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychol Aging. 2019 Jun;34(4):613-623. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230973242%22&quot;&gt;30973242)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behav Brain Res. 2016 Jun 1;306:8-12. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226965569%22&quot;&gt;26965569)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Public Health. 2021 Aug 17;21(1):1556. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234399716%22&quot;&gt;34399716)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 2012 Oct;38(5):1073-1077. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222866762%22&quot;&gt;22866762)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Behav Brain Res. 2020 Jun 18;388:112646. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232344039%22&quot;&gt;32344039)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;PLoS One. 2014 Apr 08;9(4):e94339. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224714419%22&quot;&gt;24714419)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Memory. 2015;23(4):612-24. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224841619%22&quot;&gt;24841619)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Clin Psychol. 1993 Jan;49(1):54-60. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%228425935%22&quot;&gt;8425935)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Gerontologist. 2019 Jan 9;59(1):34-44. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230265294%22&quot;&gt;30265294)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Brain Lang. 2008 Jul;106(1):41-54. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2218078671%22&quot;&gt;18078671)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Women Aging. 2021 Jul-Aug;33(4):411-427. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2234038325%22&quot;&gt;34038325)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Memory. 2022 May;30(5):636-649. 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(PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224742157%22&quot;&gt;24742157)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cognition. 1986 Feb;22(1):1-39. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%223709088%22&quot;&gt;3709088)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Heliyon. 2022 Dec 30;9(1):e12750. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236685468%22&quot;&gt;36685468)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Psychon Bull Rev. 2008 Feb;15(1):197-201. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2218605503%22&quot;&gt;18605503)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trends Cogn Sci. 2021 Mar;25(3):200-212. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233384213%22&quot;&gt;33384213)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cognition. 2010 Aug;116(2):267-82. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2220570251%22&quot;&gt;20570251)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Acta Psychol (Amst). 2021 Jan;212:103205. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233202313%22&quot;&gt;33202313)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
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      – TitleFull: The impact of perceived human and computer interaction on collaborative learning: insights from the Map Task.
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  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Crompton CJ
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wolfe K
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Tullo A
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hoffman P
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Wolters MK
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: MacPherson SE
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1612-4790
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 27
            – Type: issue
              Value: 3
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Cognitive processing
              Type: main
ResultId 1