Academic Journal
From drivers to passengers: concept of passive drink driving and need for passenger-centric interventions to reduce drink-driving in Bengaluru City, India.
| Τίτλος: | From drivers to passengers: concept of passive drink driving and need for passenger-centric interventions to reduce drink-driving in Bengaluru City, India. |
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| Συγγραφείς: | Sukumar GM; Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. drgauthamnimhans@gmail.com., Patel N; International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States., O N S; Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS) -Bengaluru Chapter, NIMHANS WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Bengaluru, India., Muniraja P; Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS) -Bengaluru Chapter, NIMHANS WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, Bengaluru, India., A V P; Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., M A S; Criminal Investigation Department, Economic Offences and Special Units, Karnataka State Police, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., M N A; Karnataka State Police, Bengaluru City, Karnataka, India., B S P; Department of Epidemiology, Centre for Public Health, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., Shukla RP; Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India, Delhi, India., Ridhi S; International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States., Gururaj G; Department of Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India., Bachani AM; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, United States. |
| Πηγή: | BMC public health [BMC Public Health] 2026 May 11; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 11. |
| Τύπος έκδοσης: | Journal Article |
| Γλώσσα: | English |
| Στοιχεία περιοδικού: | Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100968562 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2458 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712458 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE |
| Imprint Name(s): | Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001- |
| Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): | Driving Under the Influence*/statistics & numerical data , Driving Under the Influence*/prevention & control , Automobile Driving*/statistics & numerical data , Alcohol Drinking*, India/epidemiology ; Accidents, Traffic/prevention & control ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Breath Tests ; Male ; Adult ; Female |
| Περίληψη: | Introduction: Analogous to second-hand smoking, passive drink driving refers to travelling with the driver under the influence of alcohol, beyond the legally prescribed BAC limits. Such passengers are exposed to impaired driving conditions and increased risk for road crashes. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of passive drink driving in Bengaluru city and to highlight the relevance of a passenger-centric approach as a strategy for reducing road traffic injuries and fatalities. Methodology: A cross-sectional drink-driving assessment was conducted in March 2023 across 48 police station jurisdictions in Bengaluru city. Random, two-phase alcohol breath testing was carried out among 10810 drivers and riders. Information on the number and characteristics of passengers travelling with screened drivers was collected through direct observation by trained field investigators. Passive drink driving was defined as passengers travelling with drivers detected with a BAC >30 mg/100 ml of blood. The percentage of passenger-carrying vehicles operated by drivers with BAC above 30 mg/100 ml, as well as the proportion of passengers travelling with a drink-drive violator, indicate presence of passive drink-driving is presented to measure passive drink driving. Data were analysed using SPSS version 25. Results: There were 11468 passengers in 5624 vehicles. For every 1000 vehicles with passengers, 25 were driven by a drink-drive violator. Among 11468 passengers, around 1.7% (95% CI 1.52- 2.01) were travelling with a drink-drive violator. Discussion: Passengers face crash risks similar to those of drink-driving offenders, yet passenger-centric interventions are largely ignored in the control of drink-driving in the Indian context. Conclusion: Passenger-focused communication strategies should be deployed to discourage individuals from travelling with impaired drivers. Inclusion of passive drink driving as an indicator in routine road crash surveillance systems, along with further research on its health and legal implications, is recommended. (© 2026. The Author(s).) |
| Competing Interests: | Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics clearance was obtained from the institutional ethics committee, NIMHANS [No. NIMHANS/IEC (BS and NS DIV.)/2020-21] and IERB, Johns Hopkins International Injury Research Unit (IRB No.13638). Permission was obtained from Bengaluru Traffic Police. The study was conducted in accordance with the institutional and national guidelines and regulations. Consent was deemed unnecessary as per National Regulations. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. |
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| Contributed Indexing: | Keywords: Bangalore; Blood Alcohol Concentration; Drink driving; Passive drink driving; Prevalence |
| Entry Date(s): | Date Created: 20260511 Date Completed: 20260626 Latest Revision: 20260726 |
| Update Code: | 20260726 |
| PubMed Central ID: | PMC13295183 |
| DOI: | 10.1186/s12889-026-27641-5 |
| PMID: | 42108455 |
| Βάση Δεδομένων: | MEDLINE |
| ISSN: | 1471-2458 |
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| DOI: | 10.1186/s12889-026-27641-5 |