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Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in patients with treatment-resistant depression and their correlations with gene expression profiles.

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Τίτλος: Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in patients with treatment-resistant depression and their correlations with gene expression profiles.
Συγγραφείς: Zhang L; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China., Han Y; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China., Lv D; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China., Yao P; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China., Chen L; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China., Yuan Y; Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China., Zhao J; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China., Guo W; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China., Guo Z; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China., Ou Y; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
Πηγή: Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences [Psychiatry Clin Neurosci] 2026 Aug; Vol. 80 (8), pp. 655-664. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 May 07.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Blackwell Science Country of Publication: Australia NLM ID: 9513551 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1440-1819 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 13231316 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Psychiatry Clin Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Carlton, Vic., Australia : Blackwell Science
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*/therapy , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*/diagnostic imaging , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*/physiopathology , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*/genetics , Cerebellum*/diagnostic imaging , Cerebellum*/physiopathology , Nerve Net*/physiopathology , Nerve Net*/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Cortex*/diagnostic imaging , Cerebral Cortex*/physiopathology , Default Mode Network*/diagnostic imaging , Default Mode Network*/physiopathology , Electroconvulsive Therapy* , Connectome* , Transcriptome*, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Περίληψη: Aims: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although prior studies have identified cerebellar functional alterations following ECT, cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity (FC) changes remain insufficiently explored.
Methods: Cerebellar seeds were defined based on prior connectivity studies, targeting cerebellar regions functionally coupled with executive, default-mode, and affective-limbic networks. Seed-based cerebellar-cerebral FC analyses were conducted using neuroimaging data from 72 patients with TRD (52 of whom completed post-ECT assessment) and 63 healthy controls (HCs). Correlation analyses assessed clinical associations, and support vector regression was applied to predict treatment response using baseline FC. Neuroimaging-transcriptomic association analyses were conducted to identify gene expression patterns correlated with post-ECT FC alterations.
Results: Compared to HCs, patients with TRD exhibited decreased cerebellar connectivity with the sensorimotor network (SMN) and the default-mode network (DMN). Following ECT, TRD patients showed significant alleviation of depressive symptoms, which was accompanied by a marked increase in cerebellar-DMN connectivity. Enhanced FCs between the left Crus IIExec2 and the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score reduction (r = 0.343, P = 0.026). Additionally, baseline FC of the left Crus IIExec2 significantly predicted HAMD reduction (r = 0.412, P < 0.001). Neuroimaging-transcription association analysis revealed these FC alterations were associated with normative gene patterns enriched in synaptic signaling, ion channel, and chromatin remodeling.
Conclusions: TRD is associated with reduced cerebellar-SMN and cerebellar-DMN connectivity. ECT may enhance cerebellar-DMN connectivity, potentially contributing to antidepressant effects.
(© 2026 The Author(s). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2026 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.)
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Grant Information: 82171508 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 2025JJ60706 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: cerebellum; functional connectivity; neuroimaging–transcription association analysis; the default‐mode network; treatment‐resistant depression
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260508 Date Completed: 20260806 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13447124
DOI: 10.1111/pcn.70071
PMID: 42099010
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in patients with treatment-resistant depression and their correlations with gene expression profiles.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Zhang+L%22&quot;&gt;Zhang L&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Han+Y%22&quot;&gt;Han Y&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Lv+D%22&quot;&gt;Lv D&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Yao+P%22&quot;&gt;Yao P&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Chen+L%22&quot;&gt;Chen L&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Yuan+Y%22&quot;&gt;Yuan Y&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Zhao+J%22&quot;&gt;Zhao J&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Guo+W%22&quot;&gt;Guo W&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Guo+Z%22&quot;&gt;Guo Z&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Mental Health Center, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Ou+Y%22&quot;&gt;Ou Y&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant%22&quot;&gt;Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant+therapy%22&quot;&gt;therapy&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant%22&quot;&gt;Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant+diagnostic+imaging%22&quot;&gt;diagnostic imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant%22&quot;&gt;Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant+physiopathology%22&quot;&gt;physiopathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant%22&quot;&gt;Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Depressive+Disorder%2C+Treatment-Resistant+genetics%22&quot;&gt;genetics&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebellum%22&quot;&gt;Cerebellum*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebellum+diagnostic+imaging%22&quot;&gt;diagnostic imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebellum%22&quot;&gt;Cerebellum*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebellum+physiopathology%22&quot;&gt;physiopathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Nerve+Net%22&quot;&gt;Nerve Net*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Nerve+Net+physiopathology%22&quot;&gt;physiopathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Nerve+Net%22&quot;&gt;Nerve Net*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Nerve+Net+diagnostic+imaging%22&quot;&gt;diagnostic imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebral+Cortex%22&quot;&gt;Cerebral Cortex*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebral+Cortex+diagnostic+imaging%22&quot;&gt;diagnostic imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebral+Cortex%22&quot;&gt;Cerebral Cortex*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Cerebral+Cortex+physiopathology%22&quot;&gt;physiopathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Default+Mode+Network%22&quot;&gt;Default Mode Network*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Default+Mode+Network+diagnostic+imaging%22&quot;&gt;diagnostic imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Default+Mode+Network%22&quot;&gt;Default Mode Network*&lt;/searchLink&gt;/&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Default+Mode+Network+physiopathology%22&quot;&gt;physiopathology&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Electroconvulsive+Therapy%22&quot;&gt;Electroconvulsive Therapy*&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Connectome%22&quot;&gt;Connectome*&lt;/searchLink&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MM&quot; term=&quot;%22Transcriptome%22&quot;&gt;Transcriptome*&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Humans%22&quot;&gt;Humans&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Female%22&quot;&gt;Female&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Male%22&quot;&gt;Male&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Adult%22&quot;&gt;Adult&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Middle+Aged%22&quot;&gt;Middle Aged&lt;/searchLink&gt; ; &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;MH&quot; term=&quot;%22Magnetic+Resonance+Imaging%22&quot;&gt;Magnetic Resonance Imaging&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Aims: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Although prior studies have identified cerebellar functional alterations following ECT, cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity (FC) changes remain insufficiently explored.&lt;br /&gt;Methods: Cerebellar seeds were defined based on prior connectivity studies, targeting cerebellar regions functionally coupled with executive, default-mode, and affective-limbic networks. Seed-based cerebellar-cerebral FC analyses were conducted using neuroimaging data from 72 patients with TRD (52 of whom completed post-ECT assessment) and 63 healthy controls (HCs). Correlation analyses assessed clinical associations, and support vector regression was applied to predict treatment response using baseline FC. Neuroimaging-transcriptomic association analyses were conducted to identify gene expression patterns correlated with post-ECT FC alterations.&lt;br /&gt;Results: Compared to HCs, patients with TRD exhibited decreased cerebellar connectivity with the sensorimotor network (SMN) and the default-mode network (DMN). Following ECT, TRD patients showed significant alleviation of depressive symptoms, which was accompanied by a marked increase in cerebellar-DMN connectivity. Enhanced FCs between the left Crus II&lt;subscript&gt;Exec2&lt;/subscript&gt; and the bilateral medial superior frontal gyrus were positively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score reduction (r = 0.343, P = 0.026). Additionally, baseline FC of the left Crus II&lt;subscript&gt;Exec2&lt;/subscript&gt; significantly predicted HAMD reduction (r = 0.412, P &amp;lt; 0.001). Neuroimaging-transcription association analysis revealed these FC alterations were associated with normative gene patterns enriched in synaptic signaling, ion channel, and chromatin remodeling.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusions: TRD is associated with reduced cerebellar-SMN and cerebellar-DMN connectivity. ECT may enhance cerebellar-DMN connectivity, potentially contributing to antidepressant effects.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026 The Author(s). Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences &#169; 2026 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: 82171508 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 2025JJ60706 Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;cerebellum; functional connectivity; neuroimaging–transcription association analysis; the default‐mode network; treatment‐resistant depression
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260508 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260806 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260813
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  Data: 10.1111/pcn.70071
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  Data: 42099010
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42099010
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        Value: 10.1111/pcn.70071
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
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        StartPage: 655
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – SubjectFull: Female
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      – SubjectFull: Male
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      – SubjectFull: Middle Aged
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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      – SubjectFull: Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant therapy
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant diagnostic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cerebellum diagnostic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cerebellum physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nerve Net physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nerve Net diagnostic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cerebral Cortex diagnostic imaging
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cerebral Cortex physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Default Mode Network diagnostic imaging
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      – SubjectFull: Default Mode Network physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Electroconvulsive Therapy
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      – SubjectFull: Connectome
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Transcriptome
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in patients with treatment-resistant depression and their correlations with gene expression profiles.
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            – D: 01
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – TitleFull: Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences
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