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Assessment of dentinal fluid flow reduction following simulated brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system.

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Τίτλος: Assessment of dentinal fluid flow reduction following simulated brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system.
Συγγραφείς: Kim S; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Lee IB; Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Truong VM; Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam., Lee W; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea., Park YS; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ayoayo7@snu.ac.kr.; Department of Integrated Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ayoayo7@snu.ac.kr.
Πηγή: BMC oral health [BMC Oral Health] 2026 Apr 27; Vol. 26 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 27.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101088684 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1472-6831 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14726831 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Oral Health Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Toothpastes*/pharmacology , Toothpastes*/chemistry , Dentin Desensitizing Agents*/pharmacology , Dentin Desensitizing Agents*/chemistry , Dentinal Fluid*/drug effects , Toothbrushing*/methods, Dentin Permeability/drug effects ; Nitrates/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cattle ; Viscosity ; Dentin Sensitivity ; Rheology ; Potassium Compounds ; Fluorides ; Drug Combinations ; Phosphates ; Complex Mixtures
Περίληψη: BACKGROUND: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate dentinal fluid flow reduction following brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using a sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system, and to determine the relationship between formulation viscosity and permeability reduction. METHODS: Bovine dentin specimens (n = 10) were subjected to standardized brushing with six toothpaste slurries (Bamboo salt sensitive, Bamboo salt medicare, Colgate, Sensodyne, Median, and Reference slurry) for cumulative counts of 5,000 and 10,000 strokes under simulated pulpal pressure. The percent reduction in dentinal fluid flow (DFF) was calculated relative to baseline and a linear mixed-effects model was used to assess differences in DFF reduction among toothpastes and brushing stages. Toothpaste viscosity was measured using a rheometer and a correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between viscosity and DFF reduction. RESULTS: One desensitizing toothpaste containing stannous fluoride demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in DFF compared with the reference slurry after 5,000 brushing strokes (p < 0.05). No significant additional reduction was observed with continued brushing to 10,000 strokes, and no significant interaction between toothpaste type and brushing stage was identified. A positive association was observed between viscosity measured at 50 s⁻¹ and DFF reduction rate after 5,000 brushings (Spearman ρ = 0.77), although this association did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Desensitizing toothpastes can induce measurable reductions in dentinal fluid flow, with stannous fluoride formulations demonstrating the greatest effect under the present experimental conditions. The majority of tubule occlusion occurred during the initial brushing phase (5,000), with limited additional benefit from continued brushing. Formulation viscosity may contribute to dentinal permeability reduction but does not appear to be the sole determinant of desensitizing efficacy.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: J Dent. 2019 Feb;81:1-6. (PMID: 30639724)
Clin Oral Investig. 2018 Nov;22(8):2859-2870. (PMID: 29404811)
Int Dent J. 2026 Jun;76(3):109487. (PMID: 41812584)
Int Dent J. 2024 Oct;74(5):1044-1052. (PMID: 38762371)
Dent Mater J. 2020 Sep 29;39(5):855-861. (PMID: 32461510)
J Funct Biomater. 2025 Feb 20;16(3):. (PMID: 40137352)
J Dent Res. 2020 May;99(5):514-522. (PMID: 32037944)
Trials. 2020 Jun 03;21(1):464. (PMID: 32493500)
Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Dec;25(12):6857-6870. (PMID: 33977386)
Eur J Dent. 2026 May;20(2):457-465. (PMID: 40393662)
J Oral Rehabil. 2008 Nov;35(11):847-53. (PMID: 19012623)
BMC Oral Health. 2020 Aug 6;20(1):220. (PMID: 32762733)
J Dent (Shiraz). 2013 Sep;14(3):136-45. (PMID: 24724135)
Int Dent J. 2017 Dec;67(6):344-350. (PMID: 28574173)
J Esthet Restor Dent. 2026 Apr;38(4):817-827. (PMID: 41359870)
J Int Oral Health. 2015 Jul;7(7):1-5. (PMID: 26229362)
J Oral Sci. 2019;61(2):276-283. (PMID: 31217376)
Clin Transl Sci. 2025 Aug;18(8):e70326. (PMID: 40826923)
Caries Res. 2011;45(6):581-9. (PMID: 22156703)
Braz Oral Res. 2012 Sep-Oct;26(5):410-7. (PMID: 23018228)
Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17 Suppl 1:S9-19. (PMID: 23224116)
Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):9-17. (PMID: 22695872)
Int Dent J. 2024 Dec;74(6):1233-1238. (PMID: 38614882)
Ann Anat. 2021 May;235:151700. (PMID: 33588042)
BMC Oral Health. 2022 Nov 11;22(1):483. (PMID: 36368979)
J Am Dent Assoc. 2013 Mar;144(3):288-96. (PMID: 23449905)
Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 31;13(1):5271. (PMID: 37002263)
Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17 Suppl 1:S3-8. (PMID: 23224064)
Clin Oral Investig. 2024 Jul 30;28(8):457. (PMID: 39078468)
J Dent. 2018 Sep;76:125-131. (PMID: 29981778)
Am J Dent. 2016 Dec;29(6):345-351. (PMID: 29178723)
J Pain Res. 2017 Dec 15;10:2845-2851. (PMID: 29290692)
Am J Dent. 2010 May;23 Spec No A:3A-13A. (PMID: 21284246)
J Oral Sci. 2023 Jul 1;65(3):149-152. (PMID: 37100597)
J Dent. 2019 Oct;89:103176. (PMID: 31351084)
Am J Dent. 2023 Aug;36(4):183-187. (PMID: 37587028)
BMC Oral Health. 2023 Sep 1;23(1):619. (PMID: 37658357)
Food Hydrocoll. 2018 Nov;84:173-180. (PMID: 30745713)
Grant Information: NRF-2021R1I1A2048516 Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Dentin hypersensitivity; Dentinal fluid flow; Desensitizing toothpaste; Sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Toothpastes)
0 (Dentin Desensitizing Agents)
0 (Sensodyne)
0 (Nitrates)
0 (colgate sensitive)
0 (Potassium Compounds)
Q80VPU408O (Fluorides)
0 (Drug Combinations)
0 (Phosphates)
0 (Complex Mixtures)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260427 Date Completed: 20260627 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13285664
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-026-08483-4
PMID: 42045888
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Assessment of dentinal fluid flow reduction following simulated brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system.
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  Data: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Kim+S%22&quot;&gt;Kim S&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Lee+IB%22&quot;&gt;Lee IB&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Truong+VM%22&quot;&gt;Truong VM&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Faculty of Odonto-Stomatology, University of Health Sciences, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Lee+W%22&quot;&gt;Lee W&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;AU&quot; term=&quot;%22Park+YS%22&quot;&gt;Park YS&lt;/searchLink&gt;; Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ayoayo7@snu.ac.kr.; Department of Integrated Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ayoayo7@snu.ac.kr.
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BACKGROUND: This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate dentinal fluid flow reduction following brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using a sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system, and to determine the relationship between formulation viscosity and permeability reduction. METHODS: Bovine dentin specimens (n = 10) were subjected to standardized brushing with six toothpaste slurries (Bamboo salt sensitive, Bamboo salt medicare, Colgate, Sensodyne, Median, and Reference slurry) for cumulative counts of 5,000 and 10,000 strokes under simulated pulpal pressure. The percent reduction in dentinal fluid flow (DFF) was calculated relative to baseline and a linear mixed-effects model was used to assess differences in DFF reduction among toothpastes and brushing stages. Toothpaste viscosity was measured using a rheometer and a correlation analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between viscosity and DFF reduction. RESULTS: One desensitizing toothpaste containing stannous fluoride demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in DFF compared with the reference slurry after 5,000 brushing strokes (p &amp;lt; 0.05). No significant additional reduction was observed with continued brushing to 10,000 strokes, and no significant interaction between toothpaste type and brushing stage was identified. A positive association was observed between viscosity measured at 50&#160;s⁻&#185; and DFF reduction rate after 5,000 brushings (Spearman ρ = 0.77), although this association did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Desensitizing toothpastes can induce measurable reductions in dentinal fluid flow, with stannous fluoride formulations demonstrating the greatest effect under the present experimental conditions. The majority of tubule occlusion occurred during the initial brushing phase (5,000), with limited additional benefit from continued brushing. Formulation viscosity may contribute to dentinal permeability reduction but does not appear to be the sole determinant of desensitizing efficacy.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: J Dent. 2019 Feb;81:1-6. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230639724%22&quot;&gt;30639724)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2018 Nov;22(8):2859-2870. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229404811%22&quot;&gt;29404811)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int Dent J. 2026 Jun;76(3):109487. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2241812584%22&quot;&gt;41812584)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int Dent J. 2024 Oct;74(5):1044-1052. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238762371%22&quot;&gt;38762371)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dent Mater J. 2020 Sep 29;39(5):855-861. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232461510%22&quot;&gt;32461510)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Funct Biomater. 2025 Feb 20;16(3):. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240137352%22&quot;&gt;40137352)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Dent Res. 2020 May;99(5):514-522. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232037944%22&quot;&gt;32037944)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Trials. 2020 Jun 03;21(1):464. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232493500%22&quot;&gt;32493500)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2021 Dec;25(12):6857-6870. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233977386%22&quot;&gt;33977386)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eur J Dent. 2026 May;20(2):457-465. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240393662%22&quot;&gt;40393662)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Oral Rehabil. 2008 Nov;35(11):847-53. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2219012623%22&quot;&gt;19012623)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Oral Health. 2020 Aug 6;20(1):220. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2232762733%22&quot;&gt;32762733)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Dent (Shiraz). 2013 Sep;14(3):136-45. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2224724135%22&quot;&gt;24724135)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int Dent J. 2017 Dec;67(6):344-350. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2228574173%22&quot;&gt;28574173)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Esthet Restor Dent. 2026 Apr;38(4):817-827. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2241359870%22&quot;&gt;41359870)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Int Oral Health. 2015 Jul;7(7):1-5. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2226229362%22&quot;&gt;26229362)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Oral Sci. 2019;61(2):276-283. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231217376%22&quot;&gt;31217376)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Transl Sci. 2025 Aug;18(8):e70326. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2240826923%22&quot;&gt;40826923)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Caries Res. 2011;45(6):581-9. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222156703%22&quot;&gt;22156703)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Braz Oral Res. 2012 Sep-Oct;26(5):410-7. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223018228%22&quot;&gt;23018228)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17 Suppl 1:S9-19. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223224116%22&quot;&gt;23224116)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Jan;17(1):9-17. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2222695872%22&quot;&gt;22695872)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Int Dent J. 2024 Dec;74(6):1233-1238. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2238614882%22&quot;&gt;38614882)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ann Anat. 2021 May;235:151700. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2233588042%22&quot;&gt;33588042)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Oral Health. 2022 Nov 11;22(1):483. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2236368979%22&quot;&gt;36368979)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Am Dent Assoc. 2013 Mar;144(3):288-96. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223449905%22&quot;&gt;23449905)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 31;13(1):5271. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237002263%22&quot;&gt;37002263)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17 Suppl 1:S3-8. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2223224064%22&quot;&gt;23224064)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Clin Oral Investig. 2024 Jul 30;28(8):457. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2239078468%22&quot;&gt;39078468)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Dent. 2018 Sep;76:125-131. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229981778%22&quot;&gt;29981778)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Am J Dent. 2016 Dec;29(6):345-351. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229178723%22&quot;&gt;29178723)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Pain Res. 2017 Dec 15;10:2845-2851. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2229290692%22&quot;&gt;29290692)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Am J Dent. 2010 May;23 Spec No A:3A-13A. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2221284246%22&quot;&gt;21284246)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Oral Sci. 2023 Jul 1;65(3):149-152. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237100597%22&quot;&gt;37100597)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;J Dent. 2019 Oct;89:103176. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2231351084%22&quot;&gt;31351084)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Am J Dent. 2023 Aug;36(4):183-187. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237587028%22&quot;&gt;37587028)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;BMC Oral Health. 2023 Sep 1;23(1):619. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2237658357%22&quot;&gt;37658357)&lt;/searchLink&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Food Hydrocoll. 2018 Nov;84:173-180. (PMID: &lt;searchLink fieldCode=&quot;PM&quot; term=&quot;%2230745713%22&quot;&gt;30745713)&lt;/searchLink&gt;
– Name: GrantInfo
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  Data: NRF-2021R1I1A2048516 Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;Dentin hypersensitivity; Dentinal fluid flow; Desensitizing toothpaste; Sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Toothpastes)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Dentin Desensitizing Agents)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Sensodyne)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Nitrates)&lt;br /&gt;0 (colgate sensitive)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Potassium Compounds)&lt;br /&gt;Q80VPU408O (Fluorides)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Drug Combinations)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Phosphates)&lt;br /&gt;0 (Complex Mixtures)
– Name: DateEntry
  Label: Entry Date(s)
  Group: Date
  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260427 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260627 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260813
– Name: DateUpdate
  Label: Update Code
  Group: Date
  Data: 20260813
– Name: PubmedCentralID
  Label: PubMed Central ID
  Group: ID
  Data: PMC13285664
– Name: DOI
  Label: DOI
  Group: ID
  Data: 10.1186/s12903-026-08483-4
– Name: AN
  Label: PMID
  Group: ID
  Data: 42045888
PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42045888
RecordInfo BibRecord:
  BibEntity:
    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1186/s12903-026-08483-4
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Permeability drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Nitrates pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cattle
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Viscosity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Sensitivity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Rheology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Potassium Compounds
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Fluorides
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug Combinations
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Phosphates
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Complex Mixtures
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toothpastes pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toothpastes chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Desensitizing Agents pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentin Desensitizing Agents chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dentinal Fluid drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Toothbrushing methods
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Assessment of dentinal fluid flow reduction following simulated brushing with desensitizing toothpastes using sub-nanoliter fluid flow measurement system.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kim S
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lee IB
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Truong VM
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Lee W
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Park YS
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 27
              M: 04
              Text: 2026 Apr 27
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1472-6831
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 26
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: BMC oral health
              Type: main
ResultId 1