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Spatial-Jitter Model for Magnetoencephalography Sensor Arrays.

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Title: Spatial-Jitter Model for Magnetoencephalography Sensor Arrays.
Authors: Iivanainen J
Source: IEEE transactions on medical imaging [IEEE Trans Med Imaging] 2026 Jul; Vol. 45 (7), pp. 3908-3921.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8310780 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1558-254X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 02780062 NLM ISO Abbreviation: IEEE Trans Med Imaging Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: New York, NY : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1982-
MeSH Terms: Magnetoencephalography*/methods , Magnetoencephalography*/instrumentation , Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted* , Models, Neurological*, Brain/physiology ; Humans ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Algorithms ; Computer Simulation
Abstract: Sampling jitter, i.e., random deviations in the time instants when samples are taken, causes frequency-dependent noise that reduces signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper generalizes the concept of jitter to magnetoencephalography (MEG) sensor arrays that spatially sample the quasistatic magnetic field due to brain activity. It is shown that spatial jitter, i.e., random deviations in MEG sensor positions, causes spatial-frequency-dependent noise in the vector spherical harmonics domain that reduces the attainable SNR and spatial resolution in MEG. Similarly, the paper also considers noise due to random sensor orientation errors ('orientation jitter') and errors due to field integration by the finite-sized sensors ('aperture error'). The analysis in this paper shows that on-scalp MEG measurements taken closer to the head are more resistant to spatial and orientation jitter at high spatial frequencies than off-scalp measurements taken further away. On the other hand, on-scalp measurements are affected more by aperture errors than off-scalp measurements. The paper also provides new insights to the effect of sensor noise on the spatial resolution of on- and off-scalp sensor arrays using a novel normalization of the vector spherical harmonics. The paper also simulates spatial-jitter phenomena with realistic sensor arrays based on optically pumped magnetometers and superconducting quantum interference device sensors. This realistic simulation shows that spatial jitter reduces SNR and affects how the measurements should be regularized in order to maximize SNR.
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260427 Date Completed: 20260713 Latest Revision: 20260720
Update Code: 20260720
DOI: 10.1109/TMI.2026.3687982
PMID: 42043988
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Spatial-Jitter Model for Magnetoencephalography Sensor Arrays.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Iivanainen+J%22">Iivanainen J</searchLink>
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%228310780%22">IEEE transactions on medical imaging</searchLink> [IEEE Trans Med Imaging] 2026 Jul; Vol. 45 (7), pp. 3908-3921.
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: New York, NY : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, c1982-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetoencephalography%22">Magnetoencephalography*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetoencephalography+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetoencephalography%22">Magnetoencephalography*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Magnetoencephalography+instrumentation%22">instrumentation</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Signal+Processing%2C+Computer-Assisted%22">Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Models%2C+Neurological%22">Models, Neurological*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Brain%22">Brain</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Brain+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Signal-To-Noise+Ratio%22">Signal-To-Noise Ratio</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Algorithms%22">Algorithms</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Computer+Simulation%22">Computer Simulation</searchLink>
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  Data: Sampling jitter, i.e., random deviations in the time instants when samples are taken, causes frequency-dependent noise that reduces signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This paper generalizes the concept of jitter to magnetoencephalography (MEG) sensor arrays that spatially sample the quasistatic magnetic field due to brain activity. It is shown that spatial jitter, i.e., random deviations in MEG sensor positions, causes spatial-frequency-dependent noise in the vector spherical harmonics domain that reduces the attainable SNR and spatial resolution in MEG. Similarly, the paper also considers noise due to random sensor orientation errors ('orientation jitter') and errors due to field integration by the finite-sized sensors ('aperture error'). The analysis in this paper shows that on-scalp MEG measurements taken closer to the head are more resistant to spatial and orientation jitter at high spatial frequencies than off-scalp measurements taken further away. On the other hand, on-scalp measurements are affected more by aperture errors than off-scalp measurements. The paper also provides new insights to the effect of sensor noise on the spatial resolution of on- and off-scalp sensor arrays using a novel normalization of the vector spherical harmonics. The paper also simulates spatial-jitter phenomena with realistic sensor arrays based on optically pumped magnetometers and superconducting quantum interference device sensors. This realistic simulation shows that spatial jitter reduces SNR and affects how the measurements should be regularized in order to maximize SNR.
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260427 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260713 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260720
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  Data: 10.1109/TMI.2026.3687982
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        Value: 10.1109/TMI.2026.3687982
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: 3908
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Brain physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal-To-Noise Ratio
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Algorithms
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Computer Simulation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetoencephalography methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Magnetoencephalography instrumentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Models, Neurological
        Type: general
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      – TitleFull: Spatial-Jitter Model for Magnetoencephalography Sensor Arrays.
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            – D: 01
              M: 07
              Text: 2026 Jul
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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