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Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.

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Τίτλος: Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Συγγραφείς: Friehs MA; Psychology of Conflict Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl.; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl.; University College Dublin, Dublin, Irelands, UK. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl., Ferrante M; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany., Jung H; Institut für Angewandte Informatik (INFAI), Leipzig, Germany., Dechant M; University College London, London, UK., Frings C; University of Trier, Trier, Germany., Hartwigsen G; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.; Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
Πηγή: Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience [Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci] 2026 Aug; Vol. 26 (4), pp. 1613-1629. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 24.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101083946 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1531-135X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 15307026 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: 2011- : New York : Springer
Original Publication: Austin, TX : Psychonomic Society, c2001-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*/methods , Prefrontal Cortex*/physiology , Psychomotor Performance*/physiology , Inhibition, Psychological*, Reaction Time/physiology ; Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Humans ; Female ; Male ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Bayes Theorem
Περίληψη: In everyday behaviour, the ability to stop an already initiated action is critical for ensuring both your safety and that of others; for example, when stopping a reaching movement towards a hot stove-top after realising it is hot. Neuroscientific evidence points towards the critical role of several regions in the right prefrontal cortex in the coordination and execution of this response inhibition-specifically the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). The present study investigated the effects of different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols on stop-signal task (SST) performance. We hypothesized that TMS over one or both of these areas would be detrimental to performance. However, contrary to our hypothesis, TMS significantly facilitated performance regardless of the stimulation condition. We applied both frequentist and Bayesian methods to assess the robustness of these effects, revealing consistent reductions in stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) across active conditions. Our results add to the growing body of results that suggest TMS effects may not be as straight-forward as usually assumed and that so-called "inhibitory protocols" can facilitate performance. This result could be explained by a shift in the signal-to-noise ratio depending on the pre-activation of the area. Put differently, TMS may have primed task-related activity in the target areas to a level that was optimal for task performance. Alternatively, the observed effect may reflect an (over)compensation by other parts of the network or disruption of competing resources. Future studies may provide further support for these hypotheses.
(© 2026. The Author(s).)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval: The study received approval from the local ethics committee of the Medical Faculty at Leipzig University. Supplemental material: Access at OSF via https://osf.io/adnbq/ Preregistration: This study was not preregistered. Consent to participate: All participants consented to participate. Consent for publication: All participants consented for their data to be used in the publication and to be made accessible for others. Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest to declare.
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Grant Information: HA 6314/10-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HA 6314/3-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HA 6314/4-2 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; ERC-2021-COG 101043747 International ERC_ European Research Council
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Condition and perturb; Prefrontal cortex; Response inhibition; Stop-signal task; Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260424 Date Completed: 20260721 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13385260
DOI: 10.3758/s13415-026-01439-9
PMID: 42032211
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Friehs+MA%22">Friehs MA</searchLink>; Psychology of Conflict Risk and Safety, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl.; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl.; University College Dublin, Dublin, Irelands, UK. m.a.friehs@utwente.nl.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ferrante+M%22">Ferrante M</searchLink>; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jung+H%22">Jung H</searchLink>; Institut für Angewandte Informatik (INFAI), Leipzig, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Dechant+M%22">Dechant M</searchLink>; University College London, London, UK.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Frings+C%22">Frings C</searchLink>; University of Trier, Trier, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hartwigsen+G%22">Hartwigsen G</searchLink>; Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.; Wilhelm Wundt Institute for Psychology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101083946%22">Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience</searchLink> [Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci] 2026 Aug; Vol. 26 (4), pp. 1613-1629. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Apr 24.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation%22">Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Transcranial+Magnetic+Stimulation+methods%22">methods</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex%22">Prefrontal Cortex*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Prefrontal+Cortex+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychomotor+Performance%22">Psychomotor Performance*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Psychomotor+Performance+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Inhibition%2C+Psychological%22">Inhibition, Psychological*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reaction+Time%22">Reaction Time</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Reaction+Time+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Dorsolateral+Prefrontal+Cortex%22">Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Dorsolateral+Prefrontal+Cortex+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Young+Adult%22">Young Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adult%22">Adult</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bayes+Theorem%22">Bayes Theorem</searchLink>
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  Data: In everyday behaviour, the ability to stop an already initiated action is critical for ensuring both your safety and that of others; for example, when stopping a reaching movement towards a hot stove-top after realising it is hot. Neuroscientific evidence points towards the critical role of several regions in the right prefrontal cortex in the coordination and execution of this response inhibition-specifically the right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC). The present study investigated the effects of different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols on stop-signal task (SST) performance. We hypothesized that TMS over one or both of these areas would be detrimental to performance. However, contrary to our hypothesis, TMS significantly facilitated performance regardless of the stimulation condition. We applied both frequentist and Bayesian methods to assess the robustness of these effects, revealing consistent reductions in stop-signal reaction time (SSRT) across active conditions. Our results add to the growing body of results that suggest TMS effects may not be as straight-forward as usually assumed and that so-called "inhibitory protocols" can facilitate performance. This result could be explained by a shift in the signal-to-noise ratio depending on the pre-activation of the area. Put differently, TMS may have primed task-related activity in the target areas to a level that was optimal for task performance. Alternatively, the observed effect may reflect an (over)compensation by other parts of the network or disruption of competing resources. Future studies may provide further support for these hypotheses.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s).)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethics approval: The study received approval from the local ethics committee of the Medical Faculty at Leipzig University. Supplemental material: Access at OSF via https://osf.io/adnbq/ Preregistration: This study was not preregistered. Consent to participate: All participants consented to participate. Consent for publication: All participants consented for their data to be used in the publication and to be made accessible for others. Conflict of interest: No conflict of interest to declare.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
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– Name: GrantInfo
  Label: Grant Information
  Group: Grant
  Data: HA 6314/10-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HA 6314/3-1 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; HA 6314/4-2 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; ERC-2021-COG 101043747 International ERC_ European Research Council
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Condition and perturb; Prefrontal cortex; Response inhibition; Stop-signal task; Transcranial magnetic stimulation
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260424 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260721 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260813
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  Data: 20260813
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  Data: 10.3758/s13415-026-01439-9
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PLink https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=cmedm&AN=42032211
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        Value: 10.3758/s13415-026-01439-9
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 1613
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      – SubjectFull: Reaction Time physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
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      – SubjectFull: Prefrontal Cortex physiology
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      – SubjectFull: Psychomotor Performance physiology
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      – SubjectFull: Inhibition, Psychological
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      – TitleFull: Stimulation success!? Improved response inhibition performance after prefrontal single-site and condition-and-perturb transcranial magnetic stimulation.
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              Text: 2026 Aug
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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