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Securing soybean seed quality: the critical role of postharvest temperature and atmosphere management on vigor and longevity.

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Title: Securing soybean seed quality: the critical role of postharvest temperature and atmosphere management on vigor and longevity.
Authors: Zhu X; School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China., Zhu J; COFCO Engineering and Technology (Zhengzhou) Co., Ltd, Zhengzhou, China., Wang R; School of Food and Strategic Reserves, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China.
Source: Journal of the science of food and agriculture [J Sci Food Agric] 2026 Aug 15; Vol. 106 (10), pp. 5934-5943. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 22.
Publication Type: Journal Article; Evaluation Study
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 0376334 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1097-0010 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00225142 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Sci Food Agric Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2005-> : Chichester, West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons
Original Publication: London, Society of Chemical Industry.
MeSH Terms: Glycine max*/chemistry , Glycine max*/growth & development , Seeds*/chemistry , Seeds*/growth & development, Nitrogen/analysis ; Atmosphere/analysis ; Humidity ; Germination ; Temperature ; Food Storage
Abstract: Background: High seed quality is a cornerstone of crop establishment and yield stability. However, newly harvested soybean (Glycine max) seeds often exhibit low germination vigor, posing a significant agronomic challenge. This study investigated the after-ripening behavior of freshly harvested soybean seeds and evaluated how storage temperature, humidity, and storage atmosphere influence seed germination, nutritional composition, and longevity.
Results: An optimal after-ripening window of 30-45 days (25 °C, 65% relative humidity (RH)) was identified for seeds to reach peak physiological quality. The effects of different environmental conditions were then quantified. Low temperature (15 °C) and a controlled atmosphere (nitrogen) were highly effective in preserving seed viability and longevity, significantly decelerating quality loss. Conversely, high temperature (35 °C) and high humidity (75% RH) conditions represented severe abiotic stress, causing a catastrophic and rapid loss of seed viability.
Conclusion: Soybean after-ripening is strongly regulated by storage environment. Temperature was the dominant factor, while higher humidity accelerated deterioration and nitrogen-enriched storage delayed after-ripening and quality loss. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing postharvest soybean storage, either to prolong seed longevity or to regulate the timing of after-ripening for subsequent use. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
(© 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.)
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Laurenz R , Tumbalam P , Naeve S and Thelen KD , Determination of isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) concentration of soybean seed as affected by environment and management inputs. J Sci Food Agric 97:3342–3347 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8184.
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Dieudonne B and Ibrahim BB , Hermetic bags maintain soybean seed quality under high relative humidity environments. J. Stored Prod. Res 96:191052 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.101952.
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Gao F and Ayele BT , Functional genomics of seed dormancy in wheat: advances and prospects. Front Plant Sci 5:458 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00458.
Hu N , Qi W , Zhu J , Li S , Zheng M , Zhao C et al., Postharvest ripening of newly harvested corn: weakened interactions between starch and protein. Food Chem 451:139450 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139450.
Zhang W , Mo X and Yi C , Effect of rice storage proteins on the physicochemical properties of indica rice during after‐ripening. Int J Biol Macromol 285:138289 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138289.
Ma S , Wang XX , Zheng XL , Tian JZ , Bian K , Li L et al., Physicochemical properties of wheat grains affected by after‐ripening. Qual Assur Saf Crop 8:189–194 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3920/qas2015.0595.
Hu N , Qi W , Zhu J , Zhao F , Zheng M , Zhao C et al., Effect of endogenous protein on starch before and after post‐harvest ripening of corn: structure, pasting, rheological and digestive properties. Food Chem 473:143039 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143039.
Thakare SS , Awana M , Warwate SI , Mandal S , Rudra SG , Bollinedi H et al., Dynamics of physico‐chemical properties towards understanding the optimum ageing of basmati and non‐basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) for consumer preferences. J Cereal Sci 112:103714 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2023.103714.
Marcos‐Filho J , Chamma HMCP , Casagrande J , Marcos E and Regitano‐D'Arce MAB , Effect of harvesting time on seed physiological quality, chemical composition and storability of soybeans. Sci Agric 51:298–304 (1994).
Hell AF , Kretzschmar FS , Simoes K , Heyer AG , Barbedo CJ , Braga MR et al., Metabolic changes on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in seeds of the Brazilian native tree Erythrina speciosa. Front Plant Sci 10:1356 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01356.
Ribeiro OD , Santos RA , Jardim MAG , Benjamim JKF , Hirosue T , Andrade EHD et al., Biochemical and physiological performance of seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntz (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) at different phases of maturation. Plants‐Basel 14:1112 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071112.
Vergara R , da Silva RNO , Nadal AP , Gadotti GI , Aumonde TZ and Villela FA , Harvest delay, storage and physiological quality of soybean seeds. J Seed Sci 41:506–513 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4222413.
Jaques LBA , Coradi PC , Rodrigues HE , Dubal ITP , Padia CL , Lima RE et al., Post‐harvesting of soybean seeds‐engineering, processes technologies, and seed quality: a review. Int Agrophys 36:59–81 (2022). https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/147422.
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Grant Information: Henan Provincial Key Science and Technology Project
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: after‐ripening; seed quality; seed vigor; soybean; storage conditions
Substance Nomenclature: N762921K75 (Nitrogen)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260422 Date Completed: 20260612 Latest Revision: 20260612
Update Code: 20260613
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.70648
PMID: 42017510
Database: MEDLINE
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
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  Data: Background: High seed quality is a cornerstone of crop establishment and yield stability. However, newly harvested soybean (Glycine max) seeds often exhibit low germination vigor, posing a significant agronomic challenge. This study investigated the after-ripening behavior of freshly harvested soybean seeds and evaluated how storage temperature, humidity, and storage atmosphere influence seed germination, nutritional composition, and longevity.&lt;br /&gt;Results: An optimal after-ripening window of 30-45 days (25 &#176;C, 65% relative humidity (RH)) was identified for seeds to reach peak physiological quality. The effects of different environmental conditions were then quantified. Low temperature (15 &#176;C) and a controlled atmosphere (nitrogen) were highly effective in preserving seed viability and longevity, significantly decelerating quality loss. Conversely, high temperature (35 &#176;C) and high humidity (75% RH) conditions represented severe abiotic stress, causing a catastrophic and rapid loss of seed viability.&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: Soybean after-ripening is strongly regulated by storage environment. Temperature was the dominant factor, while higher humidity accelerated deterioration and nitrogen-enriched storage delayed after-ripening and quality loss. These findings provide practical guidance for optimizing postharvest soybean storage, either to prolong seed longevity or to regulate the timing of after-ripening for subsequent use. &#169; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.&lt;br /&gt; (&#169; 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Wang CF and Zhu YY , Investigation of transgenic soybean components in soybean from an area of China. J Sci Food Agric 96:3169–3172 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7495.&lt;br /&gt;Laurenz R , Tumbalam P , Naeve S and Thelen KD , Determination of isoflavone (genistein and daidzein) concentration of soybean seed as affected by environment and management inputs. J Sci Food Agric 97:3342–3347 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8184.&lt;br /&gt;Kibar H and Soydemir HE , Storage‐induced changes in soybean seeds: germination, nutritional value, and bioactive compounds. J Stored Prod Res 111:102578 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2025.102578.&lt;br /&gt;Dieudonne B and Ibrahim BB , Hermetic bags maintain soybean seed quality under high relative humidity environments. J. Stored Prod. Res 96:191052 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2022.101952.&lt;br /&gt;Du W , Cheng J , Cheng Y , Wang L , He Y , Wang Z et al., Physiological characteristics and related gene expression of after‐ripening on seed dormancy release in rice. Plant Biol 17:1156–1164 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12371.&lt;br /&gt;Gao F and Ayele BT , Functional genomics of seed dormancy in wheat: advances and prospects. Front Plant Sci 5:458 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00458.&lt;br /&gt;Hu N , Qi W , Zhu J , Li S , Zheng M , Zhao C et al., Postharvest ripening of newly harvested corn: weakened interactions between starch and protein. Food Chem 451:139450 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139450.&lt;br /&gt;Zhang W , Mo X and Yi C , Effect of rice storage proteins on the physicochemical properties of indica rice during after‐ripening. Int J Biol Macromol 285:138289 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138289.&lt;br /&gt;Ma S , Wang XX , Zheng XL , Tian JZ , Bian K , Li L et al., Physicochemical properties of wheat grains affected by after‐ripening. Qual Assur Saf Crop 8:189–194 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3920/qas2015.0595.&lt;br /&gt;Hu N , Qi W , Zhu J , Zhao F , Zheng M , Zhao C et al., Effect of endogenous protein on starch before and after post‐harvest ripening of corn: structure, pasting, rheological and digestive properties. Food Chem 473:143039 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143039.&lt;br /&gt;Thakare SS , Awana M , Warwate SI , Mandal S , Rudra SG , Bollinedi H et al., Dynamics of physico‐chemical properties towards understanding the optimum ageing of basmati and non‐basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.) for consumer preferences. J Cereal Sci 112:103714 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2023.103714.&lt;br /&gt;Marcos‐Filho J , Chamma HMCP , Casagrande J , Marcos E and Regitano‐D&#39;Arce MAB , Effect of harvesting time on seed physiological quality, chemical composition and storability of soybeans. Sci Agric 51:298–304 (1994).&lt;br /&gt;Hell AF , Kretzschmar FS , Simoes K , Heyer AG , Barbedo CJ , Braga MR et al., Metabolic changes on the acquisition of desiccation tolerance in seeds of the Brazilian native tree Erythrina speciosa. Front Plant Sci 10:1356 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01356.&lt;br /&gt;Ribeiro OD , Santos RA , Jardim MAG , Benjamim JKF , Hirosue T , Andrade EHD et al., Biochemical and physiological performance of seeds of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Kuntz (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) at different phases of maturation. Plants‐Basel 14:1112 (2025). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071112.&lt;br /&gt;Vergara R , da Silva RNO , Nadal AP , Gadotti GI , Aumonde TZ and Villela FA , Harvest delay, storage and physiological quality of soybean seeds. J Seed Sci 41:506–513 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v41n4222413.&lt;br /&gt;Jaques LBA , Coradi PC , Rodrigues HE , Dubal ITP , Padia CL , Lima RE et al., Post‐harvesting of soybean seeds‐engineering, processes technologies, and seed quality: a review. Int Agrophys 36:59–81 (2022). https://doi.org/10.31545/intagr/147422.&lt;br /&gt;Smolikova G , Leonova T , Vashurina N , Frolov A and Medvedev S , Desiccation tolerance as the basis of long‐term seed viability. Int J Mol Sci 22:101 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010101.&lt;br /&gt;Finch‐Savage WE and Footitt S , Seed dormancy cycling and the regulation of dormancy mechanisms to time germination in variable field environments. 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  Group: Grant
  Data: Henan Provincial Key Science and Technology Project
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Keywords: &lt;/i&gt;after‐ripening; seed quality; seed vigor; soybean; storage conditions
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  Data: N762921K75 (Nitrogen)
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  Data: &lt;i&gt;Date Created: &lt;/i&gt;20260422 &lt;i&gt;Date Completed: &lt;/i&gt;20260612 &lt;i&gt;Latest Revision: &lt;/i&gt;20260612
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      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1002/jsfa.70648
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      – Code: eng
        Text: English
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      Pagination:
        StartPage: 5934
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Nitrogen analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Atmosphere analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humidity
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Germination
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Temperature
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Food Storage
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glycine max chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Glycine max growth & development
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Seeds chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Seeds growth & development
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Securing soybean seed quality: the critical role of postharvest temperature and atmosphere management on vigor and longevity.
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            NameFull: Zhu X
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            NameFull: Zhu J
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            – D: 15
              M: 08
              Text: 2026 Aug 15
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
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            – Type: issn-electronic
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              Value: 106
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              Value: 10
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            – TitleFull: Journal of the science of food and agriculture
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