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Imidazolium-based ionic conjugated microporous polymer as a versatile SPE adsorbent for trace triazine herbicides in water and juice samples.

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Title: Imidazolium-based ionic conjugated microporous polymer as a versatile SPE adsorbent for trace triazine herbicides in water and juice samples.
Authors: Li N; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Hao YJ; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Mu W; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Duan J; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Wang X; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Zhao LX; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Jiang HL; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Chen X; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Cai Y; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China., Zhao RS; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China., Wang X; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China. Electronic address: xia-w21cn0@163.com.
Source: Journal of chromatography. A [J Chromatogr A] 2026 Jul 05; Vol. 1778, pp. 466984. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 09.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: Elsevier Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 9318488 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1873-3778 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00219673 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Chromatogr A Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Amsterdam ; New York : Elsevier, 1993-
MeSH Terms: Solid Phase Extraction*/methods , Solid Phase Extraction*/instrumentation , Triazines*/analysis , Triazines*/isolation & purification , Triazines*/chemistry , Herbicides*/analysis , Herbicides*/isolation & purification , Herbicides*/chemistry , Imidazoles*/chemistry , Fruit and Vegetable Juices*/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/isolation & purification , Water Pollutants, Chemical*/chemistry , Polymers*/chemistry, Pesticide Residues/analysis ; Pesticide Residues/isolation & purification ; Adsorption ; Porosity ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Limit of Detection ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Reproducibility of Results ; Linear Models
Abstract: Efficient monitoring of triazine herbicide residues is essential for safeguarding environmental and food safety. In this work, an innovative imidazolium-functionalized ionic conjugated microporous polymer (Im-CMP) was developed through Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling polymerization, and for the first time utilized as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) to enrich seven triazine herbicides from environmental water and fruit juice samples. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed that Im-CMP possessed a stable porous structure, high thermal stability, abundant π-π conjugated framework, and excellent hydrophilicity (water contact angle: 25.1°) derived from imidazolium ionic moieties, which solved the defect of poor aqueous dispersibility of traditional neutral CMPs. Density functional theory calculations and independent gradient model analysis revealed that the high extraction capacity of Im-CMP for triazine herbicides was dominated by efficient π-π stacking interactions, with synergistic contributions from directional weak interactions including C-H···π and N-H···π. Under optimized conditions, the established Im-CMP-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method exhibited a wide linear range (0.25-250 ng·L⁻¹), low detection limits (0.03-0.11 ng·L⁻¹), high enrichment factors (387-554), and satisfactory recoveries (77.4-110.7%) with good precision. Additionally, the Im-CMP adsorbent demonstrated excellent reusability for nine cycles and consistent batch-to-batch reproducibility. This work not only provides a rational design strategy for ionic-functionalized porous adsorbents for sample pretreatment, but also establishes a sensitive, reliable and practical analytical method for the trace monitoring of triazine herbicides in complex environmental and food matrices, and further expands the application of ionic conjugated microporous polymers in the field of pesticide residue analysis.
(Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS); Ionic conjugated microporous polymer; Solid-phase extraction; Triazine herbicides; water and fruit juice samples
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Triazines)
0 (Herbicides)
0 (Imidazoles)
0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)
0 (Polymers)
0 (Pesticide Residues)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260418 Date Completed: 20260715 Latest Revision: 20260715
Update Code: 20260715
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466984
PMID: 41999696
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Imidazolium-based ionic conjugated microporous polymer as a versatile SPE adsorbent for trace triazine herbicides in water and juice samples.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+N%22">Li N</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hao+YJ%22">Hao YJ</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Mu+W%22">Mu W</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Duan+J%22">Duan J</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+X%22">Wang X</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+LX%22">Zhao LX</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Jiang+HL%22">Jiang HL</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Chen+X%22">Chen X</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Cai+Y%22">Cai Y</searchLink>; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Zhao+RS%22">Zhao RS</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+X%22">Wang X</searchLink>; Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Risk Prevention and Control, Shandong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Jinan 250014, China. Electronic address: xia-w21cn0@163.com.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22Elsevier%22">Elsevier </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>Netherlands <i>NLM ID: </i>9318488 <i>Publication Model: </i>Print-Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1873-3778 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2200219673%22">00219673 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Chromatogr A <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Efficient monitoring of triazine herbicide residues is essential for safeguarding environmental and food safety. In this work, an innovative imidazolium-functionalized ionic conjugated microporous polymer (Im-CMP) was developed through Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling polymerization, and for the first time utilized as an adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE) to enrich seven triazine herbicides from environmental water and fruit juice samples. Comprehensive characterizations confirmed that Im-CMP possessed a stable porous structure, high thermal stability, abundant π-π conjugated framework, and excellent hydrophilicity (water contact angle: 25.1°) derived from imidazolium ionic moieties, which solved the defect of poor aqueous dispersibility of traditional neutral CMPs. Density functional theory calculations and independent gradient model analysis revealed that the high extraction capacity of Im-CMP for triazine herbicides was dominated by efficient π-π stacking interactions, with synergistic contributions from directional weak interactions including C-H···π and N-H···π. Under optimized conditions, the established Im-CMP-SPE-HPLC-MS/MS method exhibited a wide linear range (0.25-250 ng·L⁻¹), low detection limits (0.03-0.11 ng·L⁻¹), high enrichment factors (387-554), and satisfactory recoveries (77.4-110.7%) with good precision. Additionally, the Im-CMP adsorbent demonstrated excellent reusability for nine cycles and consistent batch-to-batch reproducibility. This work not only provides a rational design strategy for ionic-functionalized porous adsorbents for sample pretreatment, but also establishes a sensitive, reliable and practical analytical method for the trace monitoring of triazine herbicides in complex environmental and food matrices, and further expands the application of ionic conjugated microporous polymers in the field of pesticide residue analysis.<br /> (Copyright © 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
– Name: Abstract
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  Data: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
– Name: SubjectMinor
  Label: Contributed Indexing
  Group:
  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>High performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS); Ionic conjugated microporous polymer; Solid-phase extraction; Triazine herbicides; water and fruit juice samples
– Name: NumberCAS
  Label: Substance Nomenclature
  Group: ID
  Data: 0 (Triazines)<br />0 (Herbicides)<br />0 (Imidazoles)<br />0 (Water Pollutants, Chemical)<br />0 (Polymers)<br />0 (Pesticide Residues)
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260418 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260715 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260715
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  Data: 20260715
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  Data: 10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466984
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  Data: 41999696
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        Value: 10.1016/j.chroma.2026.466984
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        Text: English
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        StartPage: 466984
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Pesticide Residues analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Pesticide Residues isolation & purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Adsorption
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Porosity
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        Type: general
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solid Phase Extraction methods
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Solid Phase Extraction instrumentation
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Triazines analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Triazines isolation & purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Triazines chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Herbicides analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Herbicides isolation & purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Herbicides chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Imidazoles chemistry
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        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Water Pollutants, Chemical isolation & purification
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      – TitleFull: Imidazolium-based ionic conjugated microporous polymer as a versatile SPE adsorbent for trace triazine herbicides in water and juice samples.
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              Text: 2026 Jul 05
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