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Mobilization of the AbGRI4 resistance island in Acinetobacter baumannii: IS26 action and homologous recombination both contribute.

Λεπτομέρειες βιβλιογραφικής εγγραφής
Τίτλος: Mobilization of the AbGRI4 resistance island in Acinetobacter baumannii: IS26 action and homologous recombination both contribute.
Συγγραφείς: Harmer CJ; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia., Kenyon JJ; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Health Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia., Hall RM; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Πηγή: Microbiology spectrum [Microbiol Spectr] 2026 Jun 02; Vol. 14 (6), pp. e0038926. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Apr 17.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: ASM Press Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101634614 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2165-0497 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 21650497 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Microbiol Spectr Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Washington, DC : ASM Press, 2013-
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Acinetobacter baumannii*/genetics , Acinetobacter baumannii*/drug effects , Acinetobacter baumannii*/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents*/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial*/genetics , Genomic Islands* , Homologous Recombination*, Carbapenems/pharmacology ; Integrons/genetics ; Acinetobacter Infections/microbiology ; Plasmids/genetics ; Aminoglycosides/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; DNA Transposable Elements
Περίληψη: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate HUMC1 (USA, 2009), which is hypervirulent and extensively antibiotic resistant, has been used in many experimental studies. The complete sequence of the chromosome and two plasmids was determined, and the causes of the resistance phenotype were investigated. HUMC1 (ST2:ST1839:KL22:OCL3) is an unusual global clone 2 (GC2) isolate that lacks an AbGRI1 type resistance island interrupting the comM gene. However, a version of AbGRI2, which is present together with AbGRI1 in the oldest known GC2 isolate, and versions of AbGRI3 and the less common AbGRI4 were found in the chromosome. The oxa23 carbapenem resistance gene is carried by two copies of Tn2006. The remaining resistance gene complement is distributed among the three AbGRI, which each carry a sul1 type class 1 integron remnant bounded by IS26 with a gene cassette conferring resistance to useful aminoglycosides; aacC1 (gentamicin) in AbGRI2, aacA4 (gentamicin and tobramycin) in AbGRI3, and aadB (gentamicin and tobramycin) in AbGRI4. The armA gene (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin) was also in AbGRI3. The likely source of AbGRI4 was traced to an ST406 lineage. It was imported into HUMC1 or its ancestor, surrounded by a 23 Kbp ST406 segment that is not normally present in GC2 and incorporated into the chromosome by recombination in homologous flanking regions. The segment carrying AbGRI4 has also been acquired by the ST499 and ST229 lineages. The HUMC1 features highlight the importance of class 1 integrons, insertion sequences IS26 and ISAba1, and homologous recombination in the evolution of resistance in this species.
Importance: HUMC1 is a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate belonging to the dominant globally disseminated GC2 clonal complex that is often used in experimental studies as a highly virulent and extensively antibiotic-resistant representative of the species. However, its resistance gene complement had not been examined. The complete genome reported here revealed that HUMC1 carries multiple genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics within chromosomally located resistance islands, including AbGRI4, which is not widespread in GC2 isolates. AbGRI4 appears to have been acquired from an ST406 type co-circulating with GC2 in the USA. The ST499 clonal group, also co-circulating in the USA, has also acquired AbGRI4 from the same source. HUMC1 is also unusual because it lacks an AbGRI1 resistance island found in the comM gene in most current GC2 isolates and in the earliest currently available GC2 isolates from Europe. Hence, it may represent a form that is a precursor of those isolates.
Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References: PLoS Pathog. 2021 Feb 2;17(2):e1009291. (PMID: 33529209)
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29446. (PMID: 22253723)
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009 Jul;33(4):757-84. (PMID: 19416365)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Oct 1;75(10):2760-2768. (PMID: 32681170)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Apr 1;72(4):1031-1039. (PMID: 28073968)
mSphere. 2016 Apr 06;1(2):. (PMID: 27303727)
Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Aug 17;11(4):e0120423. (PMID: 37409961)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Nov;51(11):4209-10. (PMID: 17785513)
Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2024 Jun 27;88(2):e0011922. (PMID: 38436262)
J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):593-612. (PMID: 26699703)
Drug Resist Updat. 1998;1(2):109-19. (PMID: 16904397)
mSphere. 2016 Jun 08;1(3):. (PMID: 27303751)
mBio. 2019 Mar 26;10(2):. (PMID: 30914511)
Microbiology (Reading). 1995 Dec;141 ( Pt 12):3015-27. (PMID: 8574395)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Feb 11;76(3):587-595. (PMID: 33338207)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Jan;69(1):77-80. (PMID: 23920428)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Sep;71(9):2432-40. (PMID: 27246238)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Dec 14;60(3):1421-9. (PMID: 26666934)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2026 Jan 6;81(1):. (PMID: 41342256)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Oct 1;72(10):2944-2947. (PMID: 28666372)
Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(2):223-38. (PMID: 22894617)
Microb Genom. 2020 Mar;6(3):. (PMID: 32118530)
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Jan;30(1):409-447. (PMID: 27974412)
Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Feb 14;11(1):e0363122. (PMID: 36651782)
mBio. 2012 Oct 02;3(5):. (PMID: 23033474)
mBio. 2014 Oct 07;5(5):e01801-14. (PMID: 25293759)
mSphere. 2017 Apr 26;2(2):. (PMID: 28497114)
mBio. 2014 Jan 21;5(1):e00963-13. (PMID: 24449752)
Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Jan;41(1):11-9. (PMID: 23127486)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Nov;68(11):2682-3. (PMID: 23788477)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Mar;68(3):554-7. (PMID: 23169892)
Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Feb 17;78(2):248-258. (PMID: 37738153)
Mol Microbiol. 1989 Dec;3(12):1669-83. (PMID: 2560119)
PLoS One. 2017 May 1;12(5):e0176695. (PMID: 28459877)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jul 25;61(8):. (PMID: 28533235)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Dec 1;73(12):3518-3520. (PMID: 30124881)
J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 1;227(5):631-640. (PMID: 36301240)
Drugs. 2025 Jan;85(1):21-40. (PMID: 39607595)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1263-70. (PMID: 11257044)
Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Feb 14;11(1):e0247822. (PMID: 36472426)
J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Oct;52(4):629-35. (PMID: 12951337)
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024 Oct;22(10):598-616. (PMID: 38831030)
J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 15;211(8):1296-305. (PMID: 25378635)
Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023 Jan 24;67(1):e0103322. (PMID: 36475717)
Microb Genom. 2016 Feb 23;2(2):e000052. (PMID: 28348844)
Drug Resist Updat. 2018 Nov;41:26-39. (PMID: 30472242)
Grant Information: GNT1194978 National Health and Medical Research Council; FT230100400 Australian Research Council
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: AbGRI4; Acinetobacter baumannii; aminoglycoside resistance; carbapenem resistance; global clone 2
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Anti-Bacterial Agents)
0 (Carbapenems)
0 (Aminoglycosides)
0 (Bacterial Proteins)
0 (DNA Transposable Elements)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260417 Date Completed: 20260606 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13228073
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00389-26
PMID: 41995356
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Mobilization of the AbGRI4 resistance island in Acinetobacter baumannii: IS26 action and homologous recombination both contribute.
– Name: Author
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Harmer+CJ%22">Harmer CJ</searchLink>; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Kenyon+JJ%22">Kenyon JJ</searchLink>; School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Health Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Hall+RM%22">Hall RM</searchLink>; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Sydney Infectious Diseases Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%22101634614%22">Microbiology spectrum</searchLink> [Microbiol Spectr] 2026 Jun 02; Vol. 14 (6), pp. e0038926. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Apr 17.
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  Data: <i>Original Publication</i>: Washington, DC : ASM Press, 2013-
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii%22">Acinetobacter baumannii*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii%22">Acinetobacter baumannii*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii+drug+effects%22">drug effects</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii%22">Acinetobacter baumannii*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Acinetobacter+baumannii+isolation+%26+purification%22">isolation & purification</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents%22">Anti-Bacterial Agents*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Anti-Bacterial+Agents+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Multiple%2C+Bacterial%22">Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Drug+Resistance%2C+Multiple%2C+Bacterial+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Genomic+Islands%22">Genomic Islands*</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Homologous+Recombination%22">Homologous Recombination*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Carbapenems%22">Carbapenems</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Carbapenems+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Integrons%22">Integrons</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Integrons+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Acinetobacter+Infections%22">Acinetobacter Infections</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Acinetobacter+Infections+microbiology%22">microbiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Plasmids%22">Plasmids</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Plasmids+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Aminoglycosides%22">Aminoglycosides</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Aminoglycosides+pharmacology%22">pharmacology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins%22">Bacterial Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins+genetics%22">genetics</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins%22">Bacterial Proteins</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacterial+Proteins+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Humans%22">Humans</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Microbial+Sensitivity+Tests%22">Microbial Sensitivity Tests</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22DNA+Transposable+Elements%22">DNA Transposable Elements</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate HUMC1 (USA, 2009), which is hypervirulent and extensively antibiotic resistant, has been used in many experimental studies. The complete sequence of the chromosome and two plasmids was determined, and the causes of the resistance phenotype were investigated. HUMC1 (ST2:ST1839:KL22:OCL3) is an unusual global clone 2 (GC2) isolate that lacks an AbGRI1 type resistance island interrupting the comM gene. However, a version of AbGRI2, which is present together with AbGRI1 in the oldest known GC2 isolate, and versions of AbGRI3 and the less common AbGRI4 were found in the chromosome. The oxa23 carbapenem resistance gene is carried by two copies of Tn2006. The remaining resistance gene complement is distributed among the three AbGRI, which each carry a sul1 type class 1 integron remnant bounded by IS26 with a gene cassette conferring resistance to useful aminoglycosides; aacC1 (gentamicin) in AbGRI2, aacA4 (gentamicin and tobramycin) in AbGRI3, and aadB (gentamicin and tobramycin) in AbGRI4. The armA gene (amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin) was also in AbGRI3. The likely source of AbGRI4 was traced to an ST406 lineage. It was imported into HUMC1 or its ancestor, surrounded by a 23 Kbp ST406 segment that is not normally present in GC2 and incorporated into the chromosome by recombination in homologous flanking regions. The segment carrying AbGRI4 has also been acquired by the ST499 and ST229 lineages. The HUMC1 features highlight the importance of class 1 integrons, insertion sequences IS26 and ISAba1, and homologous recombination in the evolution of resistance in this species.<br />Importance: HUMC1 is a carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate belonging to the dominant globally disseminated GC2 clonal complex that is often used in experimental studies as a highly virulent and extensively antibiotic-resistant representative of the species. However, its resistance gene complement had not been examined. The complete genome reported here revealed that HUMC1 carries multiple genes conferring resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics within chromosomally located resistance islands, including AbGRI4, which is not widespread in GC2 isolates. AbGRI4 appears to have been acquired from an ST406 type co-circulating with GC2 in the USA. The ST499 clonal group, also co-circulating in the USA, has also acquired AbGRI4 from the same source. HUMC1 is also unusual because it lacks an AbGRI1 resistance island found in the comM gene in most current GC2 isolates and in the earliest currently available GC2 isolates from Europe. Hence, it may represent a form that is a precursor of those isolates.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: PLoS Pathog. 2021 Feb 2;17(2):e1009291. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233529209%22">33529209)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29446. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222253723%22">22253723)</searchLink><br />FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2009 Jul;33(4):757-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219416365%22">19416365)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2020 Oct 1;75(10):2760-2768. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232681170%22">32681170)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Apr 1;72(4):1031-1039. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228073968%22">28073968)</searchLink><br />mSphere. 2016 Apr 06;1(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227303727%22">27303727)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Aug 17;11(4):e0120423. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237409961%22">37409961)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007 Nov;51(11):4209-10. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217785513%22">17785513)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2024 Jun 27;88(2):e0011922. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238436262%22">38436262)</searchLink><br />J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Mar;54(3):593-612. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226699703%22">26699703)</searchLink><br />Drug Resist Updat. 1998;1(2):109-19. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216904397%22">16904397)</searchLink><br />mSphere. 2016 Jun 08;1(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227303751%22">27303751)</searchLink><br />mBio. 2019 Mar 26;10(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230914511%22">30914511)</searchLink><br />Microbiology (Reading). 1995 Dec;141 ( Pt 12):3015-27. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228574395%22">8574395)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021 Feb 11;76(3):587-595. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233338207%22">33338207)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014 Jan;69(1):77-80. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223920428%22">23920428)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Sep;71(9):2432-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227246238%22">27246238)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Dec 14;60(3):1421-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226666934%22">26666934)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2026 Jan 6;81(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241342256%22">41342256)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017 Oct 1;72(10):2944-2947. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228666372%22">28666372)</searchLink><br />Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(2):223-38. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222894617%22">22894617)</searchLink><br />Microb Genom. 2020 Mar;6(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232118530%22">32118530)</searchLink><br />Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017 Jan;30(1):409-447. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227974412%22">27974412)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Feb 14;11(1):e0363122. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236651782%22">36651782)</searchLink><br />mBio. 2012 Oct 02;3(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223033474%22">23033474)</searchLink><br />mBio. 2014 Oct 07;5(5):e01801-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225293759%22">25293759)</searchLink><br />mSphere. 2017 Apr 26;2(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228497114%22">28497114)</searchLink><br />mBio. 2014 Jan 21;5(1):e00963-13. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224449752%22">24449752)</searchLink><br />Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013 Jan;41(1):11-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223127486%22">23127486)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Nov;68(11):2682-3. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223788477%22">23788477)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Mar;68(3):554-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223169892%22">23169892)</searchLink><br />Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Feb 17;78(2):248-258. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237738153%22">37738153)</searchLink><br />Mol Microbiol. 1989 Dec;3(12):1669-83. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%222560119%22">2560119)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2017 May 1;12(5):e0176695. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228459877%22">28459877)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jul 25;61(8):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228533235%22">28533235)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018 Dec 1;73(12):3518-3520. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230124881%22">30124881)</searchLink><br />J Infect Dis. 2023 Mar 1;227(5):631-640. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236301240%22">36301240)</searchLink><br />Drugs. 2025 Jan;85(1):21-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239607595%22">39607595)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1263-70. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211257044%22">11257044)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Spectr. 2023 Feb 14;11(1):e0247822. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236472426%22">36472426)</searchLink><br />J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Oct;52(4):629-35. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212951337%22">12951337)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024 Oct;22(10):598-616. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238831030%22">38831030)</searchLink><br />J Infect Dis. 2015 Apr 15;211(8):1296-305. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225378635%22">25378635)</searchLink><br />Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023 Jan 24;67(1):e0103322. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236475717%22">36475717)</searchLink><br />Microb Genom. 2016 Feb 23;2(2):e000052. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228348844%22">28348844)</searchLink><br />Drug Resist Updat. 2018 Nov;41:26-39. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230472242%22">30472242)</searchLink>
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>AbGRI4; Acinetobacter baumannii; aminoglycoside resistance; carbapenem resistance; global clone 2
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        Value: 10.1128/spectrum.00389-26
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: e0038926
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Carbapenems pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Integrons genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acinetobacter Infections microbiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Plasmids genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Aminoglycosides pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bacterial Proteins genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bacterial Proteins metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Humans
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Microbial Sensitivity Tests
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: DNA Transposable Elements
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acinetobacter baumannii genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acinetobacter baumannii drug effects
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Acinetobacter baumannii isolation & purification
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial genetics
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Genomic Islands
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Homologous Recombination
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Mobilization of the AbGRI4 resistance island in Acinetobacter baumannii: IS26 action and homologous recombination both contribute.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Harmer CJ
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Kenyon JJ
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Hall RM
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 02
              M: 06
              Text: 2026 Jun 02
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 2165-0497
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 14
            – Type: issue
              Value: 6
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Microbiology spectrum
              Type: main
ResultId 1