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Sex-dependent cognitive and behavioral outcomes induced by repetitive cortical spreading depression in mice.

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Title: Sex-dependent cognitive and behavioral outcomes induced by repetitive cortical spreading depression in mice.
Authors: An Y; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China., Wang Y; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China., Yuan H; Xinqiao Hospital and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China., Pi C; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China., Yuan C; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China., Na W; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China., He Z; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China., Lin X; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China., Ma Z; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China., Yu S; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. yusy1963@126.com., Li Y; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. leeyj_317@163.com.
Source: The journal of headache and pain [J Headache Pain] 2026 Mar 20; Vol. 27 (1). Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 20.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100940562 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1129-2377 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 11292369 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Headache Pain Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: [2018]- : [London, United Kingdom] : BioMed Central
Original Publication: Milano : Springer Verlag Italia, c2000-c2017.
MeSH Terms: Cortical Spreading Depression*/physiology , Cognition*/physiology , Migraine with Aura*/physiopathology , Migraine with Aura*/psychology , Behavior, Animal*/physiology , Sex Characteristics*, Anxiety/physiopathology ; Hyperalgesia/physiopathology ; Hippocampus/physiopathology ; Neurogenesis/physiology ; Photophobia/physiopathology ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Mice ; Disease Models, Animal ; Mice, Inbred C57BL
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Migraine with aura is clinically linked to cognitive impairment, yet sex differences and underlying mechanisms are unclear. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is widely regarded as the electrophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Therefore, we utilized a mouse model of repetitive CSD to model recurrent aura events and investigate how this phenomenon modulates behavior and cognition in a sex-dependent manner. METHODS: CSD was repeatedly induced in both male and female mice via epidural KCl application, using six consecutive stimuli at 20-minute intervals. Behavioral tests were performed to assess pain sensitivity, photophobia, anxiety, and cognitive function. Hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were examined via immunofluorescence and electrophysiology respectively. RESULTS: Repetitive CSD induced transient allodynia, which was most prominent on day 1 and fully recovered by day 5. This effect was more pronounced and longer-lasting in female mice. In contrast, photophobia observed in the CSD group was more prevalent in male mice. Repetitive CSD did not trigger anxiety-like behavior on either day 1 or day 7. During the Morris water maze probe trial on day 11, female mice in the CSD group exhibited a reduced number of platform crossings and decreased exploration distance in the target quadrant, while no such difference was observed in male mice. Conversely, in the novel location recognition test conducted on day 9 (with a 30-min interval), the CSD group showed a higher discrimination index than the SHAM group, specifically in female mice. These changes were accompanied by increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, enhanced long-term potentiation at the perforant path–dentate gyrus synapse was observed in females only. All cognitive alterations had recovered by 21 days post-CSD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that repetitive CSD stimulation elicits distinct, sex-dependent phenotypes. Allodynia was more pronounced and longer-lasting in female mice than in males. Moreover, cognitive alterations were observed only in female mice and exhibited a bidirectional pattern. While repetitive CSD impaired the consolidation or retrieval of long-term reference memory, it transiently enhanced short-term episodic memory. These changes occurred shortly after CSD stimulation and were reversible. Together, these results offer a novel perspective for investigating sex differences in migraine with aura and highlight the dual, dynamic influence of CSD on brain cognitive function.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, and were performed in accordance with the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
References: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 May;11(5):339-50. (PMID: 20354534)
J Headache Pain. 2024 Dec 19;25(1):221. (PMID: 39701926)
Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):848-58. (PMID: 17406317)
Stroke. 2008 Nov;39(11):3064-72. (PMID: 18802207)
Cephalalgia. 2006 Jan;26(1):1-6. (PMID: 16396660)
J Neurotrauma. 2025 Jan;42(1-2):1-18. (PMID: 39494515)
Lancet. 2004 Jan 31;363(9406):381-91. (PMID: 15070571)
Nat Neurosci. 2017 Oct 26;20(11):1434-1447. (PMID: 29073641)
Cephalalgia. 2000 Jun;20(5):475-8. (PMID: 11037744)
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 May;37(5):1776-1790. (PMID: 27189903)
Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2006 Nov;81(4):457-81. (PMID: 16848916)
Biol Sex Differ. 2012 Sep 04;3(1):20. (PMID: 22943466)
Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022 Jan 13;8(1):2. (PMID: 35027572)
Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-211. (PMID: 29368949)
Nat Rev Neurol. 2013 Nov;9(11):637-44. (PMID: 24042483)
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012 Feb;32(2):376-86. (PMID: 22008729)
J Headache Pain. 2023 Aug 8;24(1):105. (PMID: 37553625)
Neuron. 2010 Jan 14;65(1):7-19. (PMID: 20152109)
Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):603-6. (PMID: 17474110)
Cephalalgia. 2011 Jul;31(10):1090-100. (PMID: 21700643)
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 May;37(5):1641-1655. (PMID: 27107026)
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014 Mar;15(3):181-92. (PMID: 24552786)
Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Mar;17(3):173-82. (PMID: 26865022)
J Neurosci Methods. 1994 Jul;53(1):55-63. (PMID: 7990513)
Funct Neurol. 2004 Apr-Jun;19(2):101-5. (PMID: 15274516)
J Headache Pain. 2025 Apr 14;26(1):77. (PMID: 40229683)
Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):354-61. (PMID: 18339350)
Cephalalgia. 2025 Jan;45(1):3331024241310550. (PMID: 39782672)
Cephalalgia. 2019 Sep;39(10):1333-1338. (PMID: 30922082)
Lancet Neurol. 2017 Jan;16(1):76-87. (PMID: 27836433)
Front Neurosci. 2023 Feb 15;17:1128623. (PMID: 36875670)
Trends Cogn Sci. 2021 Mar;25(3):187-199. (PMID: 33431287)
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015 Mar 31;35(4):689-98. (PMID: 25586145)
Science. 2024 Jul 5;385(6704):80-86. (PMID: 38963846)
J Neurosci Res. 2013 Apr;91(4):578-84. (PMID: 23335342)
Funct Neurol. 2014 Jul-Sep;29(3):207-12. (PMID: 25473742)
J Headache Pain. 2017 Dec;18(1):37. (PMID: 28324317)
Ann Neurol. 2021 Jan;89(1):99-110. (PMID: 33016466)
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Oct;141:104855. (PMID: 36089106)
Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1092-5. (PMID: 23449592)
Behav Brain Res. 2025 Aug 5;491:115649. (PMID: 40414309)
J Vis Exp. 2018 Jun 2;(136):. (PMID: 29912203)
Grant Information: 82571381 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 82301385 National Natural Science Foundation of China
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Cognitive function; Cortical spreading depression; Migraine with aura; Sex difference
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260321 Date Completed: 20260627 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC13126778
DOI: 10.1186/s10194-026-02330-1
PMID: 41862806
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: Sex-dependent cognitive and behavioral outcomes induced by repetitive cortical spreading depression in mice.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22An+Y%22">An Y</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Wang+Y%22">Wang Y</searchLink>; Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yuan+H%22">Yuan H</searchLink>; Xinqiao Hospital and the Second Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Pi+C%22">Pi C</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yuan+C%22">Yuan C</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Na+W%22">Na W</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22He+Z%22">He Z</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Lin+X%22">Lin X</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Ma+Z%22">Ma Z</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Yu+S%22">Yu S</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. yusy1963@126.com.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Li+Y%22">Li Y</searchLink>; Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China. leeyj_317@163.com.
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  Data: <i>Publisher: </i><searchLink fieldCode="PB" term="%22BioMed+Central%22">BioMed Central </searchLink><i>Country of Publication: </i>England <i>NLM ID: </i>100940562 <i>Publication Model: </i>Electronic <i>Cited Medium: </i>Internet <i>ISSN: </i>1129-2377 (Electronic) <i>Linking ISSN: </i><searchLink fieldCode="IS" term="%2211292369%22">11292369 </searchLink><i>NLM ISO Abbreviation: </i>J Headache Pain <i>Subsets: </i>MEDLINE
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cortical+Spreading+Depression%22">Cortical Spreading Depression*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cortical+Spreading+Depression+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cognition%22">Cognition*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cognition+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Migraine+with+Aura%22">Migraine with Aura*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Migraine+with+Aura+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Migraine+with+Aura%22">Migraine with Aura*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Migraine+with+Aura+psychology%22">psychology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Behavior%2C+Animal%22">Behavior, Animal*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Behavior%2C+Animal+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Sex+Characteristics%22">Sex Characteristics*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anxiety%22">Anxiety</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Anxiety+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyperalgesia%22">Hyperalgesia</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hyperalgesia+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus%22">Hippocampus</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Hippocampus+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neurogenesis%22">Neurogenesis</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Neurogenesis+physiology%22">physiology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Photophobia%22">Photophobia</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Photophobia+physiopathology%22">physiopathology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Animals%22">Animals</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Female%22">Female</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Male%22">Male</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%22">Mice</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Disease+Models%2C+Animal%22">Disease Models, Animal</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Mice%2C+Inbred+C57BL%22">Mice, Inbred C57BL</searchLink>
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Abstract
  Group: Ab
  Data: BACKGROUND: Migraine with aura is clinically linked to cognitive impairment, yet sex differences and underlying mechanisms are unclear. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is widely regarded as the electrophysiological correlate of migraine aura. Therefore, we utilized a mouse model of repetitive CSD to model recurrent aura events and investigate how this phenomenon modulates behavior and cognition in a sex-dependent manner. METHODS: CSD was repeatedly induced in both male and female mice via epidural KCl application, using six consecutive stimuli at 20-minute intervals. Behavioral tests were performed to assess pain sensitivity, photophobia, anxiety, and cognitive function. Hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity were examined via immunofluorescence and electrophysiology respectively. RESULTS: Repetitive CSD induced transient allodynia, which was most prominent on day 1 and fully recovered by day 5. This effect was more pronounced and longer-lasting in female mice. In contrast, photophobia observed in the CSD group was more prevalent in male mice. Repetitive CSD did not trigger anxiety-like behavior on either day 1 or day 7. During the Morris water maze probe trial on day 11, female mice in the CSD group exhibited a reduced number of platform crossings and decreased exploration distance in the target quadrant, while no such difference was observed in male mice. Conversely, in the novel location recognition test conducted on day 9 (with a 30-min interval), the CSD group showed a higher discrimination index than the SHAM group, specifically in female mice. These changes were accompanied by increased hippocampal neurogenesis. Moreover, enhanced long-term potentiation at the perforant path–dentate gyrus synapse was observed in females only. All cognitive alterations had recovered by 21 days post-CSD. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that repetitive CSD stimulation elicits distinct, sex-dependent phenotypes. Allodynia was more pronounced and longer-lasting in female mice than in males. Moreover, cognitive alterations were observed only in female mice and exhibited a bidirectional pattern. While repetitive CSD impaired the consolidation or retrieval of long-term reference memory, it transiently enhanced short-term episodic memory. These changes occurred shortly after CSD stimulation and were reversible. Together, these results offer a novel perspective for investigating sex differences in migraine with aura and highlight the dual, dynamic influence of CSD on brain cognitive function.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Declarations. Ethical approval: All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, and were performed in accordance with the Regulations for the Administration of Affairs Concerning Experimental Animals. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
  Group: RefInfo
  Data: Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010 May;11(5):339-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220354534%22">20354534)</searchLink><br />J Headache Pain. 2024 Dec 19;25(1):221. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239701926%22">39701926)</searchLink><br />Nat Protoc. 2006;1(2):848-58. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217406317%22">17406317)</searchLink><br />Stroke. 2008 Nov;39(11):3064-72. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218802207%22">18802207)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2006 Jan;26(1):1-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216396660%22">16396660)</searchLink><br />J Neurotrauma. 2025 Jan;42(1-2):1-18. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239494515%22">39494515)</searchLink><br />Lancet. 2004 Jan 31;363(9406):381-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215070571%22">15070571)</searchLink><br />Nat Neurosci. 2017 Oct 26;20(11):1434-1447. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229073641%22">29073641)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2000 Jun;20(5):475-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211037744%22">11037744)</searchLink><br />J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 May;37(5):1776-1790. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227189903%22">27189903)</searchLink><br />Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2006 Nov;81(4):457-81. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216848916%22">16848916)</searchLink><br />Biol Sex Differ. 2012 Sep 04;3(1):20. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222943466%22">22943466)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2022 Jan 13;8(1):2. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235027572%22">35027572)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-211. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229368949%22">29368949)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurol. 2013 Nov;9(11):637-44. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224042483%22">24042483)</searchLink><br />J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2012 Feb;32(2):376-86. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222008729%22">22008729)</searchLink><br />J Headache Pain. 2023 Aug 8;24(1):105. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237553625%22">37553625)</searchLink><br />Neuron. 2010 Jan 14;65(1):7-19. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220152109%22">20152109)</searchLink><br />Ann Neurol. 2007 Jun;61(6):603-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217474110%22">17474110)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2011 Jul;31(10):1090-100. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221700643%22">21700643)</searchLink><br />J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 May;37(5):1641-1655. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227107026%22">27107026)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014 Mar;15(3):181-92. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224552786%22">24552786)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016 Mar;17(3):173-82. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226865022%22">26865022)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci Methods. 1994 Jul;53(1):55-63. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227990513%22">7990513)</searchLink><br />Funct Neurol. 2004 Apr-Jun;19(2):101-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215274516%22">15274516)</searchLink><br />J Headache Pain. 2025 Apr 14;26(1):77. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240229683%22">40229683)</searchLink><br />Lancet Neurol. 2008 Apr;7(4):354-61. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218339350%22">18339350)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2025 Jan;45(1):3331024241310550. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239782672%22">39782672)</searchLink><br />Cephalalgia. 2019 Sep;39(10):1333-1338. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230922082%22">30922082)</searchLink><br />Lancet Neurol. 2017 Jan;16(1):76-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227836433%22">27836433)</searchLink><br />Front Neurosci. 2023 Feb 15;17:1128623. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236875670%22">36875670)</searchLink><br />Trends Cogn Sci. 2021 Mar;25(3):187-199. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233431287%22">33431287)</searchLink><br />J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2015 Mar 31;35(4):689-98. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225586145%22">25586145)</searchLink><br />Science. 2024 Jul 5;385(6704):80-86. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238963846%22">38963846)</searchLink><br />J Neurosci Res. 2013 Apr;91(4):578-84. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223335342%22">23335342)</searchLink><br />Funct Neurol. 2014 Jul-Sep;29(3):207-12. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225473742%22">25473742)</searchLink><br />J Headache Pain. 2017 Dec;18(1):37. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228324317%22">28324317)</searchLink><br />Ann Neurol. 2021 Jan;89(1):99-110. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233016466%22">33016466)</searchLink><br />Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Oct;141:104855. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236089106%22">36089106)</searchLink><br />Science. 2013 Mar 1;339(6123):1092-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223449592%22">23449592)</searchLink><br />Behav Brain Res. 2025 Aug 5;491:115649. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240414309%22">40414309)</searchLink><br />J Vis Exp. 2018 Jun 2;(136):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229912203%22">29912203)</searchLink>
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  Data: 82571381 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 82301385 National Natural Science Foundation of China
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>Cognitive function; Cortical spreading depression; Migraine with aura; Sex difference
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RecordInfo BibRecord:
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    Identifiers:
      – Type: doi
        Value: 10.1186/s10194-026-02330-1
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Anxiety physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hyperalgesia physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Hippocampus physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Neurogenesis physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Photophobia physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Animals
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Female
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Male
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Disease Models, Animal
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Mice, Inbred C57BL
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cortical Spreading Depression physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cognition physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Migraine with Aura physiopathology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Migraine with Aura psychology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Behavior, Animal physiology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Sex Characteristics
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: Sex-dependent cognitive and behavioral outcomes induced by repetitive cortical spreading depression in mice.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
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            NameFull: An Y
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            NameFull: Wang Y
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            NameFull: Yuan H
      – PersonEntity:
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            NameFull: Pi C
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            NameFull: Yuan C
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            NameFull: He Z
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            NameFull: Lin X
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          Name:
            NameFull: Ma Z
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            NameFull: Yu S
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            NameFull: Li Y
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      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 20
              M: 03
              Text: 2026 Mar 20
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1129-2377
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 27
            – Type: issue
              Value: 1
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: The journal of headache and pain
              Type: main
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