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Microbial Dormancy and Reactivation in One Health: Cross-Domain Pathways and Risks.

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Τίτλος: Microbial Dormancy and Reactivation in One Health: Cross-Domain Pathways and Risks.
Συγγραφείς: Abalkhail A; Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia., Alslamah T; Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia., Khan NU; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Health Division), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan. najeebkhan@aup.edu.pk.
Πηγή: EcoHealth [Ecohealth] 2026 Sep; Vol. 23 (3), pp. 574-587. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 19.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article; Review
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101222144 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1612-9210 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16129202 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Ecohealth Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: New York : Springer
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): One Health*, Zoonoses/microbiology ; Humans ; Animals ; Biofilms ; Ecosystem
Περίληψη: Microbial dormancy enables microorganisms to persist under unfavourable conditions and reactivate when ecological or host environments become permissive. While dormancy supports microbial resilience, it also creates cross-domain "hidden reservoirs" that can destabilize ecosystems, amplify zoonotic risk, and sustain antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This narrative review synthesizes evidence across environmental, animal, and human systems to explain how reactivation triggers propagate through One Health pathways-for example, nutrient enrichment or warming in aquatic/soil environments → microbial revival and amplification → exposure in livestock/wildlife → human infection via food, water, aerosols, or vectors. Dormant pathogens can persist in soil, water, sediments, biofilms, and host-associated niches, frequently evading culture-based detection and re-emerging under stressors such as temperature shifts, hydrological change, malnutrition, immunosuppression, and antimicrobial exposure. Dormancy also facilitates AMR persistence through survival of tolerant subpopulations, biofilm protection, and environmental dissemination of resistance determinants. Because key cues governing dormancy-reactivation remain incompletely characterized and surveillance systems rarely target dormant states, outbreak forecasting and mitigation are often delayed. The review therefore proposes dormancy-aware One Health surveillance and response, including field-deployable molecular detection, shared data platforms, and targeted interventions at environmental and veterinary interfaces.
(© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Nature.Health.Global., Inc.)
Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declared no competing interests. Ethical consideration Not applicable. Consent to publish: All the authors have read and approved the article for publication.
References: PLoS Pathog. 2021 Jan 13;17(1):e1009194. (PMID: 33439894)
Microorganisms. 2021 May 14;9(5):. (PMID: 34068949)
Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Jun 11;46(6):5825-5844. (PMID: 38921019)
Lancet Planet Health. 2019 Jul;3(7):e285-e286. (PMID: 31326067)
One Health. 2017 Mar 24;3:44-50. (PMID: 28616503)
J Bacteriol. 2012 Mar;194(5):1065-74. (PMID: 22210769)
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Jul 11;57(27):9955-9964. (PMID: 37336722)
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Jul;16(7):397-409. (PMID: 29720707)
Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;11(4):326-31. (PMID: 21376670)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5881-6. (PMID: 20231463)
Am J Pathol. 2015 Jun;185(6):1505-17. (PMID: 25892682)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):4096-104. (PMID: 16751520)
Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023 Dec;12(2):2249126. (PMID: 37649455)
J Diet Suppl. 2019;16(5):602-610. (PMID: 29958051)
Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 16;11(3):. (PMID: 36985340)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 19;19(3):. (PMID: 35162131)
J Anim Ecol. 2018 Mar;87(2):400-413. (PMID: 28556095)
Vaccine. 2018 Jul 16;36(30):4404-4424. (PMID: 29907482)
Mol Microbiol. 2002 Apr;44(1):107-18. (PMID: 11967072)
Front Microbiol. 2013 Dec 16;4:375. (PMID: 24379807)
Trends Microbiol. 2023 Oct;31(10):1013-1023. (PMID: 37225640)
FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 May;36(3):514-32. (PMID: 22320122)
Nat Commun. 2024 Jul 26;15(1):6291. (PMID: 39060226)
Front Microbiol. 2024 Jun 17;15:1415554. (PMID: 38952446)
Microb Pathog. 2016 Dec;101:24-35. (PMID: 27793690)
Microb Pathog. 2015 Jan;78:63-6. (PMID: 25434928)
Microbiome. 2023 Jun 13;11(1):131. (PMID: 37312147)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Jul 18;85(15):. (PMID: 31152014)
Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;88(2):301-14. (PMID: 20453931)
Front Microbiol. 2015 May 28;6:534. (PMID: 26074911)
mSystems. 2025 Feb 18;10(2):e0004224. (PMID: 39772968)
Trends Microbiol. 2024 Feb;32(2):142-150. (PMID: 37689487)
Environ Microbiol. 2007 Apr;9(4):869-79. (PMID: 17359259)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Dec 23;4:178. (PMID: 25566513)
Infect Immun. 2016 Nov 18;84(12):3458-3470. (PMID: 27672085)
Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Mar 18;12:849915. (PMID: 35372114)
BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Sep 2;23(1):572. (PMID: 37660078)
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;72(4):2849-55. (PMID: 16597991)
Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:293-311. (PMID: 20825351)
Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011 Apr;24(2):351-76. (PMID: 21482729)
Theor Popul Biol. 2021 Jun;139:18-49. (PMID: 33984352)
Food Microbiol. 2020 Dec;92:103585. (PMID: 32950169)
Front Immunol. 2017 Jun 24;8:712. (PMID: 28694808)
Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 01;10(10):. (PMID: 33019502)
Microorganisms. 2022 Jan 11;10(1):. (PMID: 35056590)
Biofilm. 2024 Mar 30;7:100196. (PMID: 38601816)
Pathogens. 2021 Feb 09;10(2):. (PMID: 33572264)
One Health Outlook. 2021 Mar 31;3:6. (PMID: 33829143)
Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Aug;21(8):1293-1301. (PMID: 26197993)
Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Feb;143(3):600-7. (PMID: 24850323)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: antimicrobial Resistance; biofilms; climate Change; microbial dormancy; one Health; surveillance
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260319 Date Completed: 20260916 Latest Revision: 20261008
Update Code: 20261008
DOI: 10.1007/s10393-026-01785-7
PMID: 41854922
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: Microbial Dormancy and Reactivation in One Health: Cross-Domain Pathways and Risks.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Abalkhail+A%22">Abalkhail A</searchLink>; Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Alslamah+T%22">Alslamah T</searchLink>; Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, 52571, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Khan+NU%22">Khan NU</searchLink>; Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (Health Division), The University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan. najeebkhan@aup.edu.pk.
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  Data: Microbial dormancy enables microorganisms to persist under unfavourable conditions and reactivate when ecological or host environments become permissive. While dormancy supports microbial resilience, it also creates cross-domain "hidden reservoirs" that can destabilize ecosystems, amplify zoonotic risk, and sustain antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This narrative review synthesizes evidence across environmental, animal, and human systems to explain how reactivation triggers propagate through One Health pathways-for example, nutrient enrichment or warming in aquatic/soil environments → microbial revival and amplification → exposure in livestock/wildlife → human infection via food, water, aerosols, or vectors. Dormant pathogens can persist in soil, water, sediments, biofilms, and host-associated niches, frequently evading culture-based detection and re-emerging under stressors such as temperature shifts, hydrological change, malnutrition, immunosuppression, and antimicrobial exposure. Dormancy also facilitates AMR persistence through survival of tolerant subpopulations, biofilm protection, and environmental dissemination of resistance determinants. Because key cues governing dormancy-reactivation remain incompletely characterized and surveillance systems rarely target dormant states, outbreak forecasting and mitigation are often delayed. The review therefore proposes dormancy-aware One Health surveillance and response, including field-deployable molecular detection, shared data platforms, and targeted interventions at environmental and veterinary interfaces.<br /> (© 2026. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Nature.Health.Global., Inc.)
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
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  Data: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declared no competing interests. Ethical consideration Not applicable. Consent to publish: All the authors have read and approved the article for publication.
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  Data: PLoS Pathog. 2021 Jan 13;17(1):e1009194. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233439894%22">33439894)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2021 May 14;9(5):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234068949%22">34068949)</searchLink><br />Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2024 Jun 11;46(6):5825-5844. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238921019%22">38921019)</searchLink><br />Lancet Planet Health. 2019 Jul;3(7):e285-e286. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231326067%22">31326067)</searchLink><br />One Health. 2017 Mar 24;3:44-50. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228616503%22">28616503)</searchLink><br />J Bacteriol. 2012 Mar;194(5):1065-74. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222210769%22">22210769)</searchLink><br />Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Jul 11;57(27):9955-9964. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237336722%22">37336722)</searchLink><br />Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Jul;16(7):397-409. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229720707%22">29720707)</searchLink><br />Lancet Infect Dis. 2011 Apr;11(4):326-31. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221376670%22">21376670)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 30;107(13):5881-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220231463%22">20231463)</searchLink><br />Am J Pathol. 2015 Jun;185(6):1505-17. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225892682%22">25892682)</searchLink><br />Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Jun;72(6):4096-104. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216751520%22">16751520)</searchLink><br />Emerg Microbes Infect. 2023 Dec;12(2):2249126. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237649455%22">37649455)</searchLink><br />J Diet Suppl. 2019;16(5):602-610. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229958051%22">29958051)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2023 Mar 16;11(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236985340%22">36985340)</searchLink><br />Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 19;19(3):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235162131%22">35162131)</searchLink><br />J Anim Ecol. 2018 Mar;87(2):400-413. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228556095%22">28556095)</searchLink><br />Vaccine. 2018 Jul 16;36(30):4404-4424. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229907482%22">29907482)</searchLink><br />Mol Microbiol. 2002 Apr;44(1):107-18. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211967072%22">11967072)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2013 Dec 16;4:375. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224379807%22">24379807)</searchLink><br />Trends Microbiol. 2023 Oct;31(10):1013-1023. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237225640%22">37225640)</searchLink><br />FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2012 May;36(3):514-32. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222320122%22">22320122)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2024 Jul 26;15(1):6291. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239060226%22">39060226)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2024 Jun 17;15:1415554. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238952446%22">38952446)</searchLink><br />Microb Pathog. 2016 Dec;101:24-35. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227793690%22">27793690)</searchLink><br />Microb Pathog. 2015 Jan;78:63-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225434928%22">25434928)</searchLink><br />Microbiome. 2023 Jun 13;11(1):131. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237312147%22">37312147)</searchLink><br />Appl Environ Microbiol. 2019 Jul 18;85(15):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2231152014%22">31152014)</searchLink><br />Biochem Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;88(2):301-14. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220453931%22">20453931)</searchLink><br />Front Microbiol. 2015 May 28;6:534. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226074911%22">26074911)</searchLink><br />mSystems. 2025 Feb 18;10(2):e0004224. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239772968%22">39772968)</searchLink><br />Trends Microbiol. 2024 Feb;32(2):142-150. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237689487%22">37689487)</searchLink><br />Environ Microbiol. 2007 Apr;9(4):869-79. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217359259%22">17359259)</searchLink><br />Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014 Dec 23;4:178. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2225566513%22">25566513)</searchLink><br />Infect Immun. 2016 Nov 18;84(12):3458-3470. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2227672085%22">27672085)</searchLink><br />Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Mar 18;12:849915. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235372114%22">35372114)</searchLink><br />BMC Infect Dis. 2023 Sep 2;23(1):572. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2237660078%22">37660078)</searchLink><br />Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 Apr;72(4):2849-55. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216597991%22">16597991)</searchLink><br />Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:293-311. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220825351%22">20825351)</searchLink><br />Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011 Apr;24(2):351-76. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221482729%22">21482729)</searchLink><br />Theor Popul Biol. 2021 Jun;139:18-49. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233984352%22">33984352)</searchLink><br />Food Microbiol. 2020 Dec;92:103585. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2232950169%22">32950169)</searchLink><br />Front Immunol. 2017 Jun 24;8:712. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228694808%22">28694808)</searchLink><br />Animals (Basel). 2020 Oct 01;10(10):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233019502%22">33019502)</searchLink><br />Microorganisms. 2022 Jan 11;10(1):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235056590%22">35056590)</searchLink><br />Biofilm. 2024 Mar 30;7:100196. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238601816%22">38601816)</searchLink><br />Pathogens. 2021 Feb 09;10(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233572264%22">33572264)</searchLink><br />One Health Outlook. 2021 Mar 31;3:6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2233829143%22">33829143)</searchLink><br />Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Aug;21(8):1293-1301. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2226197993%22">26197993)</searchLink><br />Epidemiol Infect. 2015 Feb;143(3):600-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224850323%22">24850323)</searchLink>
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