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ATP synthase activity boosts membrane proton acceptance and lateral diffusion.

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Title: ATP synthase activity boosts membrane proton acceptance and lateral diffusion.
Authors: Flegel H; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany., Variyam AR; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel., Amdursky N; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.; Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom., Steinem C; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2026 Mar 10; Vol. 123 (10), pp. e2510444123. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Mar 03.
Publication Type: Journal Article
Language: English
Journal Info: Publisher: National Academy of Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 7505876 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1091-6490 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00278424 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Original Publication: Washington, DC : National Academy of Sciences
MeSH Terms: Proton-Translocating ATPases*/metabolism , Cell Membrane*/metabolism , Protons*, Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Bacillus/enzymology ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Unilamellar Liposomes/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Proton-Motive Force ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
Abstract: In most organisms, ATP synthesis is powered by the proton motive force (pmf) and catalyzed by ATP synthase. While the chemiosmotic theory originally proposed a "delocalized coupling" between proton pumps and consumers, growing evidence implicates the membrane in mediating localized proton transfer (PT). To directly track ultrafast PT at the membrane surface as a function of ATP synthase activity, we developed an in vitro system. We tethered a light-activated excited-state photoacid to the bilayer of unilamellar vesicles to confine PT to the membrane interface and co-reconstituted a thermophilic Bacillus TFOF1 ATP synthase. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, we quantified PT and lateral proton diffusion from the anchored photoacid under conditions with non-ATP- and ATP-producing enzymes. Our results show that the membrane accepts protons at its interface and that PT is enhanced only when ATP synthase is active. A comparison with soluble photoacid positioned near the membrane shows that protons consumed by ATP synthase do not equilibrate with the bulk aqueous phase. Instead, they are transferred directly along the two-dimensional membrane interface to the enzyme. This localized coupling can explain how ATP synthesis can proceed even when the apparent bulk pmf seems insufficient. Our results refine the proton translocation during ATP synthesis by revealing that the membrane itself is an active participant in PT, thereby strengthening the case for localized proton coupling in bioenergetics.
Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
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Analyst. 2017 Jul 10;142(14):2670-2677. (PMID: 28616949)
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J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12;277(15):13281-5. (PMID: 11815616)
Annu Rev Biochem. 2019 Jun 20;88:515-549. (PMID: 30901262)
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Nov;1808(11):2761-71. (PMID: 21819968)
Macromol Biosci. 2008 Nov 10;8(11):1034-43. (PMID: 18683168)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 19;109(25):9744-9. (PMID: 22675120)
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Biophys J. 1998 Jun;74(6):2996-3002. (PMID: 9635753)
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Nature. 1994 Aug 4;370(6488):379-82. (PMID: 8047144)
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J Phys Chem Lett. 2025 Mar 13;16(10):2645-2653. (PMID: 40043095)
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 17;92(2):372-6. (PMID: 7831293)
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Nature. 1961 Jul 8;191:144-8. (PMID: 13771349)
Biochemistry. 1989 Apr 4;28(7):2936-40. (PMID: 2545240)
Chem Phys Lipids. 1986 Jan;39(1-2):185-91. (PMID: 3948290)
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Grant Information: grant no. 76251-10-4/20 (ZN 3625) Volkswagen Foundation (VolkswagenStiftung)
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: HPTS; energy conversion; proton transfer; time-correlated single photon counting; unilamellar vesicles
Substance Nomenclature: 0 (Protons)
8L70Q75FXE (Adenosine Triphosphate)
EC 3.6.3.14 (Proton-Translocating ATPases)
0 (Lipid Bilayers)
0 (Unilamellar Liposomes)
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260303 Date Completed: 20260710 Latest Revision: 20260813
Update Code: 20260813
PubMed Central ID: PMC12974407
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2510444123
PMID: 41774794
Database: MEDLINE
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  Data: ATP synthase activity boosts membrane proton acceptance and lateral diffusion.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Flegel+H%22">Flegel H</searchLink>; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Variyam+AR%22">Variyam AR</searchLink>; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Amdursky+N%22">Amdursky N</searchLink>; Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel.; Chemistry, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom.<br /><searchLink fieldCode="AU" term="%22Steinem+C%22">Steinem C</searchLink>; Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="JN" term="%227505876%22">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</searchLink> [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A] 2026 Mar 10; Vol. 123 (10), pp. e2510444123. <i>Date of Electronic Publication: </i>2026 Mar 03.
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  Data: <searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton-Translocating+ATPases%22">Proton-Translocating ATPases*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Proton-Translocating+ATPases+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cell+Membrane%22">Cell Membrane*</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Cell+Membrane+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> <br /><searchLink fieldCode="MM" term="%22Protons%22">Protons*</searchLink><br /><searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adenosine+Triphosphate%22">Adenosine Triphosphate</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Adenosine+Triphosphate+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacillus%22">Bacillus</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Bacillus+enzymology%22">enzymology</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Lipid+Bilayers%22">Lipid Bilayers</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Lipid+Bilayers+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Lipid+Bilayers%22">Lipid Bilayers</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Lipid+Bilayers+chemistry%22">chemistry</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Unilamellar+Liposomes%22">Unilamellar Liposomes</searchLink>/<searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Unilamellar+Liposomes+metabolism%22">metabolism</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Diffusion%22">Diffusion</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Proton-Motive+Force%22">Proton-Motive Force</searchLink> ; <searchLink fieldCode="MH" term="%22Spectrometry%2C+Fluorescence%22">Spectrometry, Fluorescence</searchLink>
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  Label: Abstract
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  Data: In most organisms, ATP synthesis is powered by the proton motive force (pmf) and catalyzed by ATP synthase. While the chemiosmotic theory originally proposed a "delocalized coupling" between proton pumps and consumers, growing evidence implicates the membrane in mediating localized proton transfer (PT). To directly track ultrafast PT at the membrane surface as a function of ATP synthase activity, we developed an in vitro system. We tethered a light-activated excited-state photoacid to the bilayer of unilamellar vesicles to confine PT to the membrane interface and co-reconstituted a thermophilic Bacillus TF<subscript>O</subscript>F<subscript>1</subscript> ATP synthase. Using steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, we quantified PT and lateral proton diffusion from the anchored photoacid under conditions with non-ATP- and ATP-producing enzymes. Our results show that the membrane accepts protons at its interface and that PT is enhanced only when ATP synthase is active. A comparison with soluble photoacid positioned near the membrane shows that protons consumed by ATP synthase do not equilibrate with the bulk aqueous phase. Instead, they are transferred directly along the two-dimensional membrane interface to the enzyme. This localized coupling can explain how ATP synthesis can proceed even when the apparent bulk pmf seems insufficient. Our results refine the proton translocation during ATP synthesis by revealing that the membrane itself is an active participant in PT, thereby strengthening the case for localized proton coupling in bioenergetics.
– Name: Abstract
  Label: Competing Interests
  Group: Ab
  Data: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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(PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219924872%22">19924872)</searchLink><br />J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12;277(15):13281-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2211815616%22">11815616)</searchLink><br />Annu Rev Biochem. 2019 Jun 20;88:515-549. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230901262%22">30901262)</searchLink><br />Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Nov;1808(11):2761-71. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221819968%22">21819968)</searchLink><br />Macromol Biosci. 2008 Nov 10;8(11):1034-43. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218683168%22">18683168)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 19;109(25):9744-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222675120%22">22675120)</searchLink><br />J Phys Chem B. 2022 Aug 18;126(32):6026-6038. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2235921517%22">35921517)</searchLink><br />Sci Adv. 2024 May 24;10(21):eadl5849. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238781330%22">38781330)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1964 Jul;52(1):75-81. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216591195%22">16591195)</searchLink><br />Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Dec;1807(12):1507-38. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222082452%22">22082452)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Aug 30;108(35):14461-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221859952%22">21859952)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Dec 26;103(52):19766-70. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2217172452%22">17172452)</searchLink><br />Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1998;14:197-230. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229891783%22">9891783)</searchLink><br />J Phys Condens Matter. 2011 Jun 15;23(23):234103. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2221613715%22">21613715)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2004 Jun;86(6):4094-109. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215189903%22">15189903)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 1998 Jun;74(6):2996-3002. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%229635753%22">9635753)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2003 Feb;84(2 Pt 1):1031-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212547784%22">12547784)</searchLink><br />Nature. 1994 Aug 4;370(6488):379-82. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%228047144%22">8047144)</searchLink><br />Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010 Aug;1797(8):1362-77. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220193659%22">20193659)</searchLink><br />J Phys Chem Lett. 2025 Mar 13;16(10):2645-2653. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240043095%22">40043095)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Jan 17;92(2):372-6. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%227831293%22">7831293)</searchLink><br />EMBO Rep. 2021 Dec 6;22(12):e52727. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2234595823%22">34595823)</searchLink><br />Nature. 1961 Jul 8;191:144-8. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2213771349%22">13771349)</searchLink><br />Biochemistry. 1989 Apr 4;28(7):2936-40. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%222545240%22">2545240)</searchLink><br />Chem Phys Lipids. 1986 Jan;39(1-2):185-91. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%223948290%22">3948290)</searchLink><br />Chem Biol Drug Des. 2025 Oct;106(4):e70173. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2241014084%22">41014084)</searchLink><br />Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2008 Dec;72(4):590-641, Table of Contents. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219052322%22">19052322)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Sep 7;107(36):15763-7. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220798065%22">20798065)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2024 Dec 17;123(24):4200-4210. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2238961623%22">38961623)</searchLink><br />Eur Biophys J. 2008 Jul;37(6):865-70. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2218330554%22">18330554)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Feb 12;116(7):2443-2451. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2230679274%22">30679274)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Mar 2;107(9):4129-34. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2220160117%22">20160117)</searchLink><br />J Biol Chem. 2009 Sep 25;284(39):26519-25. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219636076%22">19636076)</searchLink><br />Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 3;7(1):4553. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2228674402%22">28674402)</searchLink><br />Acc Chem Res. 2022 Sep 20;55(18):2728-2739. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236053265%22">36053265)</searchLink><br />Biochim Biophys Acta. 2004 Apr 12;1655(1-3):102-15. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2215100022%22">15100022)</searchLink><br />Chem Sci. 2025 Feb 17;16(12):5194-5204. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2239991563%22">39991563)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2014 Jul 1;107(1):76-87. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224988343%22">24988343)</searchLink><br />J Phys Chem A. 2005 Jul 14;109(27):5965-77. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2216833931%22">16833931)</searchLink><br />Biomolecules. 2023 Feb 11;13(2):. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236830721%22">36830721)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2025 Aug 19;124(16):2677-2685. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2240635272%22">40635272)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 1992 Jul;63(1):281-90. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2219431841%22">19431841)</searchLink><br />Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 2023 Jan;177:185-201. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2236481271%22">36481271)</searchLink><br />FEBS Lett. 2013 Feb 14;587(4):345-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2223268201%22">23268201)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 1986 Sep;50(3):441-9. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%223756297%22">3756297)</searchLink><br />Nat Commun. 2014;5:3103. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2224476986%22">24476986)</searchLink><br />Biophys J. 2002 Jun;82(6):2833-46. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2212023208%22">12023208)</searchLink><br />PLoS One. 2018 Feb 23;13(2):e0193454. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2229474432%22">29474432)</searchLink><br />Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Aug 28;109(35):13961-5. (PMID: <searchLink fieldCode="PM" term="%2222869738%22">22869738)</searchLink>
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  Data: grant no. 76251-10-4/20 (ZN 3625) Volkswagen Foundation (VolkswagenStiftung)
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  Data: <i>Keywords: </i>HPTS; energy conversion; proton transfer; time-correlated single photon counting; unilamellar vesicles
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  Data: 0 (Protons)<br />8L70Q75FXE (Adenosine Triphosphate)<br />EC 3.6.3.14 (Proton-Translocating ATPases)<br />0 (Lipid Bilayers)<br />0 (Unilamellar Liposomes)
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  Data: <i>Date Created: </i>20260303 <i>Date Completed: </i>20260710 <i>Latest Revision: </i>20260813
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    Identifiers:
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        Value: 10.1073/pnas.2510444123
    Languages:
      – Code: eng
        Text: English
    PhysicalDescription:
      Pagination:
        StartPage: e2510444123
    Subjects:
      – SubjectFull: Adenosine Triphosphate metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Bacillus enzymology
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lipid Bilayers metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Lipid Bilayers chemistry
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Unilamellar Liposomes metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Diffusion
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Proton-Motive Force
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Spectrometry, Fluorescence
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Proton-Translocating ATPases metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Cell Membrane metabolism
        Type: general
      – SubjectFull: Protons
        Type: general
    Titles:
      – TitleFull: ATP synthase activity boosts membrane proton acceptance and lateral diffusion.
        Type: main
  BibRelationships:
    HasContributorRelationships:
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Flegel H
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Variyam AR
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Amdursky N
      – PersonEntity:
          Name:
            NameFull: Steinem C
    IsPartOfRelationships:
      – BibEntity:
          Dates:
            – D: 10
              M: 03
              Text: 2026 Mar 10
              Type: published
              Y: 2026
          Identifiers:
            – Type: issn-electronic
              Value: 1091-6490
          Numbering:
            – Type: volume
              Value: 123
            – Type: issue
              Value: 10
          Titles:
            – TitleFull: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
              Type: main
ResultId 1