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Organ and Effective Dose Assessments Using MCNP with Computational PIMAL Phantoms and Realistic Eye Model in Radiological Workplaces.

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Τίτλος: Organ and Effective Dose Assessments Using MCNP with Computational PIMAL Phantoms and Realistic Eye Model in Radiological Workplaces.
Συγγραφείς: Djeffal S; Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, Ottawa, ON, Canada., Dubeau J; DETEC, Gatineau, QC, Canada., Sun J; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada., Ali F; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada., Talebitaher A; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada.
Πηγή: Health physics [Health Phys] 2026 Oct 01; Vol. 131 (4), pp. 377-390. Date of Electronic Publication: 2026 Feb 25.
Τύπος έκδοσης: Journal Article
Γλώσσα: English
Στοιχεία περιοδικού: Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 2985093R Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1538-5159 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00179078 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Health Phys Subsets: MEDLINE
Imprint Name(s): Publication: <2003->: Hagerstown, MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Original Publication: New York.
Ιατρικοί όροι (MeSH): Occupational Exposure*/analysis , Eye*/radiation effects , Monte Carlo Method* , Phantoms, Imaging* , Radiation Dosage* , Workplace*, Humans ; Female ; Male ; Computer Simulation ; Neutrons ; Adult
Περίληψη: The female and male computational phantom with moving arms and legs (PIMAL) are useful models for the calculation of the effective doses to workers in radiological occupational settings. In this study, Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Version 6.2 is used with PIMAL phantoms to simulate exposure in nuclear and medical settings. The PIMAL phantoms, defined by mathematical representation of the human body, allow for detailed assessment of equivalent dose to organs. These values are converted to effective dose (E) using sex- and age-average tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103. Initial simulations of monoenergetic photons, electrons, and neutrons in the anterior-posterior (AP) geometry show good agreement with comparable results in the literature, obtained using the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms and PIMAL phantoms in the standard upright position. For nuclear power applications, effective dose rates ( ) are estimated for workers contaminated by radionuclides and compared with personal dose equivalent rates at 0.07 mm depth, (0.07). Additionally, effective dose rates from neutron and gamma fields are calculated for personnel inside a CANDU-600 (CANada Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactor at full-power. In medical applications, effective dose rates to staff exposed to positron emitters, either from injected patients or activated cyclotron targets, are also assessed. Across all scenarios, effective dose derived from PIMAL phantoms are consistent with operational dose quantities when available, supporting their use in dose assessment and radiation protection planning.
(Copyright © 2026 Health Physics Society.)
References: Akkurt H, Eckerman KF. Development of PIMAL: mathematical phantom with moving arms and legs. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; ORNL/TM-2007/14; 2007. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200034779&#95;Development&#95;of&#95;Pimal&#95;Mathematical&#95;Phantom&#95;with&#95;Moving&#95;Arms&#95;and&#95;Legs . Accessed 11 November 2024.
Bales K, Dewji SA, Sanchez E. Comparison of neutron organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent postures in standard irradiation geometries. Radiat Environ Biophys 57:375-393; 2018.
Behrens R, Dietze G, Zankl M. Dose conversion coefficients for electron exposure of the human eye lens. Phys Med Biol 54:4069-4087; 2009.
Endo A. Calculation of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients for the operational quantity proposed by ICRU RC26. Radiat Prot Dosim 175:378-387; 2017.
Dewji SA, Hiller M, Bellamy M, Akkurt H, Wiarda D, Kora G, Eckerman K, Griffin K. PIMAL: Phantom with Moving Arms and Legs. Washington, DC; US NRC; NUREG/CR-7243; 2017a.
Dewji SA, Reed KL, Hiller M. Comparison of photon organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent positions in standard irradiation geometries. Radiat Environ Biophys 56:277-291; 2017b.
Dubeau J, Heinmiller B, Corrigan M. Multiple methods for assessing the dose to skin exposed to radioactive contamination. Radiat Protect Dosim 174:371-376; 2017.
Dubeau J, Sun J, Hakmana Witharana SS, Heinmiller BE. A computer program for the determination of absolute activities in contaminations and skin doses. Radiat Prot Dosim 199:660-669; 2023.
Hamby DM, Mangini CD, Luitjens JM, Boozer DL, Tucker ZG, Rose CT, Flora RS. VARSKIN+ 1.0 — A computer code for skin contamination and dosimetry assessment. Washington, DC: US NRC; NUREG/CR 6918, Rev. 4. VARSKIN: NUREG/CR 6918, Revision 4); 2021.
Han EY, Bolch WE, Eckerman KF. Revisions of the ORNL series of adult and pediatric computational phantom for use in the MIRD schema. Health Phys 90:337-356; 2006.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21(1-3); 1990.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external radiation. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 74, Annals of the ICRP 26 (3–4); 1996.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 103, Annals of the ICRP 37 (2-4). London, England: Elsevier Science; 2007.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Adult Reference Computational Phantoms. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 110, Annals of the ICRP 39 (2); 2009.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conversion coefficients for use in radiation protection against external radiation. London: Elsevier Science; Publication 116, Annals of the ICRP 40 (2-5); 2010.
International Commission on Radiological Protection. Adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 145, Annals of the ICRP 49 (3); 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0146645319893605.
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 95, Operational quantities for external radiation exposure. J ICRU 20:1-130; 2020.
Kramer GH, Hauck BM. The sliced BOMAB phantom: a new variant for intercomparison. Health Phys 90:161-166; 2006.
Large MJ, Malaroda A, Petasecca M, Rosenfeld AB, Guatelli S. Modelling ICRP110 adult reference voxel phantoms for dosimetric applications: development of a new Geant4 advanced example. J Phys Conf Ser 1662:012021; 2020.
Nucmedresource. Nuclear Medicine Sources & Accessories. 2023. Available at http://www.nucmedresource.com . Accessed 21 March 2025.
Nunes JC, Waker AJ. Multisphere spectrometry and analysis of TEPC and REM meter results around a heavy water moderated reactor. Radiat Protect Dosim 59:279-284; 1995.
Nunes JC, Waker AJ, Lieskovsky M. Neutron fields inside containment of a CANDU 600-PHWR power plant. Health Phys 71:235-247; 1996.
Radiation Protection Computer Code Analysis and Maintenance Program (RAMP). Available at https://ramp.nrc-gateway.gov/codes/pimal . Accessed 23 July 2025.
Snyder WS, Ford MR, Warner GG. Estimates of specific absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom. MIRD Pamphlet No. 5, Revised. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1978. Available at https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4251934 . Accessed 9 December 2024.
Thomas DJ, Alevra AV. Bonner sphere spectrometers — a critical review. Nuclear Inst Meth in Phys Res A 476:212-220; 2002.
Werner CJ, Bull JS, Solomon CJ, Brown FB, McKinney GW, Rising ME, Dixon DA, Martz RL, Hughes HG, Cox LJ, Zukaitis AJ, Armstrong JC, Forster RA, Casswell L. MCNP 6.2 release notes. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; Report LA-UR-18-20808; 2018.
Contributed Indexing: Keywords: Monte Carlo; dosimetry; phantom; safety standards
Entry Date(s): Date Created: 20260225 Date Completed: 20260831 Latest Revision: 20260831
Update Code: 20260901
DOI: 10.1097/HP.0000000000002124
PMID: 41738937
Βάση Δεδομένων: MEDLINE
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  Data: The female and male computational phantom with moving arms and legs (PIMAL) are useful models for the calculation of the effective doses to workers in radiological occupational settings. In this study, Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Version 6.2 is used with PIMAL phantoms to simulate exposure in nuclear and medical settings. The PIMAL phantoms, defined by mathematical representation of the human body, allow for detailed assessment of equivalent dose to organs. These values are converted to effective dose (E) using sex- and age-average tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103. Initial simulations of monoenergetic photons, electrons, and neutrons in the anterior-posterior (AP) geometry show good agreement with comparable results in the literature, obtained using the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms and PIMAL phantoms in the standard upright position. For nuclear power applications, effective dose rates ( ) are estimated for workers contaminated by radionuclides and compared with personal dose equivalent rates at 0.07 mm depth, (0.07). Additionally, effective dose rates from neutron and gamma fields are calculated for personnel inside a CANDU-600 (CANada Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactor at full-power. In medical applications, effective dose rates to staff exposed to positron emitters, either from injected patients or activated cyclotron targets, are also assessed. Across all scenarios, effective dose derived from PIMAL phantoms are consistent with operational dose quantities when available, supporting their use in dose assessment and radiation protection planning.&lt;br /&gt; (Copyright &#169; 2026 Health Physics Society.)
– Name: Ref
  Label: References
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  Data: Akkurt H, Eckerman KF. Development of PIMAL: mathematical phantom with moving arms and legs. Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge National Laboratory; ORNL/TM-2007/14; 2007. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200034779&amp;#95;Development&amp;#95;of&amp;#95;Pimal&amp;#95;Mathematical&amp;#95;Phantom&amp;#95;with&amp;#95;Moving&amp;#95;Arms&amp;#95;and&amp;#95;Legs . Accessed 11 November 2024.&lt;br /&gt;Bales K, Dewji SA, Sanchez E. Comparison of neutron organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent postures in standard irradiation geometries. Radiat Environ Biophys 57:375-393; 2018.&lt;br /&gt;Behrens R, Dietze G, Zankl M. Dose conversion coefficients for electron exposure of the human eye lens. Phys Med Biol 54:4069-4087; 2009.&lt;br /&gt;Endo A. Calculation of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients for the operational quantity proposed by ICRU RC26. Radiat Prot Dosim 175:378-387; 2017.&lt;br /&gt;Dewji SA, Hiller M, Bellamy M, Akkurt H, Wiarda D, Kora G, Eckerman K, Griffin K. PIMAL: Phantom with Moving Arms and Legs. Washington, DC; US NRC; NUREG/CR-7243; 2017a.&lt;br /&gt;Dewji SA, Reed KL, Hiller M. Comparison of photon organ and effective dose coefficients for PIMAL stylized phantom in bent positions in standard irradiation geometries. Radiat Environ Biophys 56:277-291; 2017b.&lt;br /&gt;Dubeau J, Heinmiller B, Corrigan M. Multiple methods for assessing the dose to skin exposed to radioactive contamination. Radiat Protect Dosim 174:371-376; 2017.&lt;br /&gt;Dubeau J, Sun J, Hakmana Witharana SS, Heinmiller BE. A computer program for the determination of absolute activities in contaminations and skin doses. Radiat Prot Dosim 199:660-669; 2023.&lt;br /&gt;Hamby DM, Mangini CD, Luitjens JM, Boozer DL, Tucker ZG, Rose CT, Flora RS. VARSKIN+ 1.0 — A computer code for skin contamination and dosimetry assessment. Washington, DC: US NRC; NUREG/CR 6918, Rev. 4. VARSKIN: NUREG/CR 6918, Revision 4); 2021.&lt;br /&gt;Han EY, Bolch WE, Eckerman KF. Revisions of the ORNL series of adult and pediatric computational phantom for use in the MIRD schema. Health Phys 90:337-356; 2006.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. 1990 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 60, Annals of the ICRP 21(1-3); 1990.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conversion coefficients for use in radiological protection against external radiation. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 74, Annals of the ICRP 26 (3–4); 1996.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 103, Annals of the ICRP 37 (2-4). London, England: Elsevier Science; 2007.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. Adult Reference Computational Phantoms. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 110, Annals of the ICRP 39 (2); 2009.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. Conversion coefficients for use in radiation protection against external radiation. London: Elsevier Science; Publication 116, Annals of the ICRP 40 (2-5); 2010.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiological Protection. Adult mesh-type reference computational phantoms. London: Elsevier Science; ICRP Publication 145, Annals of the ICRP 49 (3); 2020. DOI: 10.1177/0146645319893605.&lt;br /&gt;International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 95, Operational quantities for external radiation exposure. J ICRU 20:1-130; 2020.&lt;br /&gt;Kramer GH, Hauck BM. The sliced BOMAB phantom: a new variant for intercomparison. Health Phys 90:161-166; 2006.&lt;br /&gt;Large MJ, Malaroda A, Petasecca M, Rosenfeld AB, Guatelli S. Modelling ICRP110 adult reference voxel phantoms for dosimetric applications: development of a new Geant4 advanced example. J Phys Conf Ser 1662:012021; 2020.&lt;br /&gt;Nucmedresource. Nuclear Medicine Sources &amp; Accessories. 2023. Available at http://www.nucmedresource.com . Accessed 21 March 2025.&lt;br /&gt;Nunes JC, Waker AJ. Multisphere spectrometry and analysis of TEPC and REM meter results around a heavy water moderated reactor. Radiat Protect Dosim 59:279-284; 1995.&lt;br /&gt;Nunes JC, Waker AJ, Lieskovsky M. Neutron fields inside containment of a CANDU 600-PHWR power plant. Health Phys 71:235-247; 1996.&lt;br /&gt;Radiation Protection Computer Code Analysis and Maintenance Program (RAMP). Available at https://ramp.nrc-gateway.gov/codes/pimal . Accessed 23 July 2025.&lt;br /&gt;Snyder WS, Ford MR, Warner GG. Estimates of specific absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom. MIRD Pamphlet No. 5, Revised. New York: Society of Nuclear Medicine; 1978. Available at https://www.osti.gov/biblio/4251934 . Accessed 9 December 2024.&lt;br /&gt;Thomas DJ, Alevra AV. Bonner sphere spectrometers — a critical review. Nuclear Inst Meth in Phys Res A 476:212-220; 2002.&lt;br /&gt;Werner CJ, Bull JS, Solomon CJ, Brown FB, McKinney GW, Rising ME, Dixon DA, Martz RL, Hughes HG, Cox LJ, Zukaitis AJ, Armstrong JC, Forster RA, Casswell L. MCNP 6.2 release notes. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory; Report LA-UR-18-20808; 2018.
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        StartPage: 377
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